Delta-Palutoxin

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Delta-Palutoxin is a type of neurotoxin produced by the Australian funnel-web spider (genus Atrax and Hadronyche). This toxin is part of a larger family of spider toxins that affect the nervous system of their prey, leading to paralysis and, in some cases, death.

Structure and Function

Delta-Palutoxin is a polypeptide composed of a specific sequence of amino acids. It functions by binding to voltage-gated sodium channels in the nervous system, preventing their proper closure. This action leads to prolonged depolarization of the nerve cells, which disrupts normal neurotransmission and results in the symptoms associated with envenomation.

Mechanism of Action

The primary target of Delta-Palutoxin is the voltage-gated sodium channels found in the membranes of neurons. By binding to these channels, the toxin inhibits their ability to close after activation. This inhibition causes a continuous influx of sodium ions into the neuron, leading to sustained depolarization and the inability of the neuron to reset its membrane potential. The result is a continuous firing of the neuron, which can cause severe muscle spasms, pain, and potentially respiratory failure.

Symptoms of Envenomation

Envenomation by spiders producing Delta-Palutoxin can lead to a range of symptoms, including:

• Severe pain at the bite site
• Muscle spasms and cramps
• Sweating
• Nausea and vomiting
• Hypertension
• Tachycardia
• Respiratory distress

In severe cases, envenomation can be fatal if not treated promptly with appropriate antivenom.

Treatment

The primary treatment for envenomation by Delta-Palutoxin-producing spiders is the administration of specific antivenom. Supportive care, including pain management and respiratory support, may also be necessary depending on the severity of the symptoms.

Research and Applications

Research into Delta-Palutoxin and other spider toxins has provided valuable insights into the functioning of ion channels and has potential applications in the development of new pharmaceuticals for the treatment of neurological disorders.

Related Pages

• Neurotoxin
• Spider toxins
• Voltage-gated sodium channel
• Australian funnel-web spider
• Antivenom
• Ion channels
• Neurological disorders