Deuterium oxide

Deuterium oxide, commonly known as heavy water, is a form of water where the two hydrogen atoms are of the isotope deuterium (D or ^2H) rather than the more common protium (H or ^1H) isotope. The chemical formula for deuterium oxide is D2O. Due to the presence of deuterium, heavy water has different physical and chemical properties compared to ordinary water (H2O), such as a higher boiling point, higher melting point, and greater density.

Properties

Deuterium oxide shares many of the chemical properties of ordinary water but has a few key differences due to the increased mass of the deuterium atoms. These differences include a higher boiling point of 101.4 degrees Celsius compared to 100 degrees Celsius for H2O, and a higher melting point of 3.8 degrees Celsius compared to 0 degrees Celsius for H2O. The density of D2O is approximately 11% greater than that of H2O, making it significantly heavier, hence the name "heavy water".

Production

Heavy water is naturally present in ordinary water but only in very small amounts (about 0.015%). The production of heavy water is a complex and costly process, typically involving the fractional distillation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or the electrolysis of water. These processes increase the concentration of deuterium oxide by selectively removing the lighter H2O molecules.

Uses

Deuterium oxide is used in a variety of applications, most notably as a neutron moderator in certain types of nuclear reactors, such as the CANDU reactor. In this context, the heavy water slows down neutrons, allowing them to sustain a nuclear chain reaction with natural uranium, which is otherwise not fissile. Beyond its role in nuclear technology, D2O is also used in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in studies of chemical reactions and biological systems where it acts as a non-radioactive isotopic tracer, and in the production of semiconductors.

Biological Effects

While deuterium oxide is not radioactive and does not pose a significant health risk from radiation, its biological effects differ from those of ordinary water when ingested in large quantities. Organisms that consume heavy water in high concentrations can experience toxic effects, as the heavier deuterium atoms can disrupt normal biological processes. However, small amounts of D2O are not harmful and are, in fact, naturally present in the human body.

Environmental Impact

The environmental impact of deuterium oxide is minimal, given its low concentration in natural water sources and its relatively benign chemical nature. However, the production of heavy water, like any industrial process, can have environmental impacts, including energy consumption and the potential for chemical releases.

See Also

• Water
• Isotope
• Nuclear reactor
• Nuclear magnetic resonance