Diacritic

Latin letter Ą̄́

Example of biblical Hebrew trope

Hunmin jeong-eum

Devanagari matras

Germanic umlaut on keyboard

Diacritics are glyphs added to a letter, or basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek diakritikós (διακριτικός), meaning "distinguishing", from diakrī́nō (διακρίνω), "to distinguish". Diacritics are used in many modern and ancient languages to change the sounds of the letters to which they are added or to give them additional qualities such as tonal variations or to distinguish between homophones.

Usage

Diacritics can serve several functions in written language:

• Indicating different phonemes or sounds not denoted by the alphabet's standard characters, such as the difference in pronunciation between e in "bed" and é in "café" in French.
• Giving letters new phonetic values, as the umlaut does in German for changing a to ä, which alters the sound of the letter.
• Denoting tone, stress, or intonation in tonal languages such as Vietnamese or Mandarin Chinese, where the same syllable can have different meanings depending on its pitch.
• Differentiating between homographs in languages such as Serbo-Croatian and Icelandic.

Types of Diacritics

Diacritics can be classified into several types, including but not limited to:

• Acute accent (´) – used to denote stress or a higher pitch.
• Grave accent (`) – used to denote a lower pitch or stress in some languages.
• Circumflex (^) – often indicates a change in vowel quality or length.
• Tilde (~) – can signify nasalization of a vowel or, in languages like Spanish, marks the letter ñ as a different phoneme from n.
• Umlaut (¨) – placed above a vowel to indicate a sound shift, commonly used in German.
• Cedilla (¸) – placed under a letter, such as ç in French, to denote a change from a hard to a soft sound.
• Macron (¯) – indicates vowel length in some languages.
• Breve (˘) – indicates a shorter vowel sound.

History

The use of diacritics in alphabetic scripts dates back to the Ancient Greek orthography, where accents were used to indicate pitch in the pronunciation of vowels. Over time, the function and use of diacritics have evolved. In the Latin script, diacritics were introduced to accommodate the phonetic requirements of languages other than Latin. The adoption and adaptation of the Latin script by various languages have led to the development of a wide range of diacritics to represent sounds specific to each language.

In Computing

With the advent of digital typography, encoding diacritics has presented challenges. The ASCII standard did not originally accommodate letters with diacritics, leading to various workarounds in computing and digital typography. The introduction of Unicode has significantly improved the representation of diacritics, allowing for their widespread use in digital media. However, challenges remain in terms of font support, keyboard layouts, and the normalization of characters with diacritics in computing environments.

Controversies and Challenges

The use of diacritics can sometimes lead to controversies and challenges in standardization, especially in the context of globalization and digital communication. Issues can arise in terms of language policy, orthographic reforms, and the technical limitations of digital systems in accurately representing diacritics. Additionally, the omission or incorrect use of diacritics can lead to misunderstandings or mispronunciations in languages where they play a critical role in denoting meaning or pronunciation.