Dimethylsulfoxide

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an organic compound with the formula (CH₃)₂SO. It is a colorless liquid and is a significant compound in the field of organic chemistry due to its unique properties and versatility as a solvent. DMSO is known for its ability to penetrate the skin, causing a distinctive garlic-like taste and odor upon contact. It is used in various applications, including as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, in chemical reactions, and in the preservation of cells, tissue samples, and organs. Despite its widespread use, DMSO's biological effects and safety profile are subjects of ongoing research.

Properties

DMSO is a polar aprotic solvent, meaning it can dissolve both polar and nonpolar compounds and lacks acidic hydrogen. This property makes it exceptionally useful in dissolving a wide range of organic compounds and polymers. DMSO has a high boiling point (189°C) and freezes at a relatively high temperature (18.5°C) for an organic compound, which can be reduced to a more manageable liquid form by the presence of even small amounts of water.

Applications

Pharmaceuticals

In the pharmaceutical industry, DMSO is used as a solvent for various drugs due to its ability to enhance the absorption of substances through biological membranes. It is also used in topical formulations to deliver active ingredients through the skin.

Chemical Reactions

DMSO is involved in many chemical reactions, serving as a solvent that can facilitate reactions that might be difficult or impossible in more traditional solvents. Its ability to dissolve a wide range of materials makes it particularly valuable in organic synthesis.

Biological Preservation

Due to its cryoprotective properties, DMSO is widely used in the preservation of cells, tissue samples, and organs at low temperatures. It helps to prevent the formation of ice crystals that can damage biological samples during the freezing process.

Safety and Toxicology

While DMSO is generally considered safe for certain applications, its ability to penetrate the skin and carry other substances with it raises concerns about potential toxicity, especially when used with other chemicals. The most common side effects include skin irritation and the aforementioned garlic-like taste and odor. The safety profile of DMSO necessitates careful handling and usage, particularly in pharmaceutical applications.

Regulatory Status

The regulatory status of DMSO varies by country and application. In some jurisdictions, it is approved for use in certain medical treatments, while in others, its use is restricted to veterinary medicine or industrial applications. The diverse applications and safety considerations of DMSO continue to be subjects of research and regulatory review.