Dioxathion

Dioxathion is an organophosphate pesticide that was primarily used for the control of parasites on livestock and as a pre-harvest treatment on a variety of crops. It is a non-systemic insecticide and acaricide with contact and stomach action, and slight fumigant action.

History

Dioxathion was first registered in the United States in 1956. It was used extensively in the agricultural sector until its cancellation in 1987 due to concerns about its toxicity and potential for bioaccumulation.

Chemical Properties

Dioxathion is a colorless to amber liquid with a mild, fruity odor. It is poorly soluble in water but readily soluble in most organic solvents. The chemical formula for dioxathion is C12H26O6P2S4.

Mode of Action

As an organophosphate pesticide, dioxathion works by inhibiting the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that is essential for normal nerve function in insects. This leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine, causing continuous nerve impulses that eventually result in the death of the insect.

Toxicity

Dioxathion is highly toxic to humans and animals if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Symptoms of exposure can include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and in severe cases, seizures, respiratory failure, and death. It is also highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms.

Environmental Impact

Dioxathion is persistent in the environment and can bioaccumulate in the tissues of organisms. It has been found in a variety of environmental samples, including soil, water, and air. Its use has been linked to declines in bird populations and other non-target species.

Regulatory Status

The use of dioxathion has been banned or restricted in many countries due to its high toxicity and environmental persistence. In the United States, it is classified as a Restricted Use Pesticide (RUP) by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

See Also

• Organophosphate
• Pesticide
• Acetylcholinesterase
• Environmental Protection Agency

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