Diphtheritis

Diphtheritis

Diphtheritis is an inflammatory condition of the mucous membranes, particularly affecting the throat and upper respiratory tract. It is often associated with the bacterial infection known as Diphtheria, caused by the bacterium *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*. However, diphtheritis can also refer more broadly to inflammation caused by other factors.

Pathophysiology

Diphtheritis involves the inflammation of the mucous membranes, which can lead to the formation of a pseudomembrane in the throat. This pseudomembrane is a hallmark of diphtheria infection, but similar inflammatory responses can occur due to other infections or irritants. The inflammation can cause swelling, pain, and difficulty swallowing.

Causes

While diphtheritis is most commonly associated with Diphtheria, it can also be caused by other bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Non-infectious causes include exposure to irritants such as smoke or chemicals.

Infectious Causes

• *Corynebacterium diphtheriae* - the primary cause of diphtheria.
• Viral infections - such as those caused by the influenza virus or adenoviruses.
• Fungal infections - such as those caused by *Candida* species.

Non-Infectious Causes

• Chemical irritants - such as smoke inhalation or exposure to industrial chemicals.
• Allergic reactions - to environmental allergens or food.

Symptoms

The symptoms of diphtheritis can vary depending on the underlying cause but often include:

• Sore throat
• Fever
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Difficulty swallowing
• Hoarseness
• Formation of a pseudomembrane in the throat (in cases of diphtheria)

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of diphtheritis involves clinical examination and may include:

• Throat swab cultures to identify bacterial infections.
• Blood tests to detect viral infections or inflammatory markers.
• Imaging studies if complications are suspected.

Treatment

Treatment of diphtheritis depends on the underlying cause:

• For bacterial infections like diphtheria, antibiotics such as penicillin or erythromycin are used.
• Antitoxins may be administered in cases of diphtheria to neutralize the toxin produced by the bacteria.
• Supportive care, including pain management and hydration, is important.
• For non-infectious causes, removing the irritant or allergen is crucial.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Vaccination against diphtheria, which is part of the DPT vaccine (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus).
• Good hygiene practices to prevent the spread of infections.
• Avoidance of known irritants and allergens.

Complications

If left untreated, diphtheritis can lead to serious complications, especially in the case of diphtheria, such as:

• Airway obstruction due to the pseudomembrane.
• Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle).
• Neuropathy (nerve damage).

Also see

• Diphtheria
• Tonsillitis
• Pharyngitis
• Laryngitis