EDH

Epidural Hematoma (EDH) is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) where a buildup of blood occurs between the dura mater and the skull. It is often the result of a head injury and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The condition is characterized by a collection of blood that usually stems from arterial sources, making it a medical emergency due to the potential for rapid increase in pressure within the skull.

Causes

Epidural hematomas are most commonly caused by a blow to the head, often in the context of traffic accidents, falls, or physical assaults. The impact can lead to a rupture of the middle meningeal artery, which is the most common source of bleeding in these cases. Less frequently, EDH can result from venous bleeding or from non-traumatic causes such as vascular malformations or certain infections.

Symptoms

The symptoms of an epidural hematoma can vary depending on the size and location of the hematoma but typically include:

• Severe headache
• Loss of consciousness or a brief period of consciousness followed by unconsciousness (known as a lucid interval)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Confusion
• Dizziness
• Weakness or numbness in part of the body
• Seizures

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of an epidural hematoma is primarily based on medical history and physical examination, followed by imaging tests. The most commonly used imaging test is a computed tomography (CT) scan of the head, which can quickly identify the presence, size, and location of the hematoma.

Treatment

The treatment of an epidural hematoma is largely dependent on the size of the hematoma and the severity of symptoms. Small, asymptomatic hematomas may be managed conservatively with close monitoring. However, surgical intervention is often required to remove the hematoma and reduce pressure on the brain. This typically involves performing a craniotomy, where a section of the skull is removed to allow the surgeon to access and evacuate the hematoma.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with an epidural hematoma varies. With prompt diagnosis and treatment, many patients can recover fully. However, delays in treatment can lead to significant brain damage, long-term disability, or even death.

Prevention

Preventing head injuries is key to reducing the risk of developing an epidural hematoma. This includes wearing appropriate protective gear during sports and other activities, ensuring safe environments to minimize the risk of falls, and using seat belts and helmets.