EKC

Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is a highly contagious eye infection that affects the cornea and the conjunctiva, leading to significant discomfort and potential visual impairment. It is caused by different serotypes of the Adenovirus, which are known for their role in upper respiratory infections, conjunctivitis, and gastrointestinal disorders. EKC is of particular concern in ophthalmology and public health due to its rapid spread and the severity of its symptoms.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The hallmark symptoms of EKC include severe conjunctivitis, with patients often experiencing redness, irritation, and a gritty sensation in the eyes. Other common symptoms are photophobia (sensitivity to light), blurred vision, and the presence of a watery or mucous discharge. A distinctive feature of EKC is the development of subepithelial corneal infiltrates, which can affect vision and may take weeks or months to resolve.

Diagnosis of EKC is primarily clinical, based on the patient's history and the presence of characteristic symptoms. Laboratory tests, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture, can confirm the presence of adenovirus and help differentiate EKC from other forms of conjunctivitis.

Transmission and Prevention

EKC is transmitted through direct contact with infected secretions or contaminated surfaces. The virus can survive on inanimate objects for extended periods, making indirect transmission a significant concern in communal settings such as schools, hospitals, and clinics.

Prevention strategies focus on hygiene and infection control measures. Frequent hand washing, avoiding touching the face, and using disposable towels can reduce the risk of transmission. In healthcare settings, strict adherence to disinfection protocols and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) are essential to prevent outbreaks.

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for EKC, and management primarily aims to alleviate symptoms. Cold compresses and lubricating eye drops can provide relief from irritation and dryness. In cases where corneal infiltrates impair vision, topical corticosteroids may be prescribed under close supervision to reduce inflammation and prevent scarring.

Complications

While most patients recover without long-term effects, EKC can lead to several complications. Persistent corneal infiltrates can cause visual disturbances that last for months. In rare cases, significant scarring or the development of corneal ulcers can result in permanent vision loss.

Public Health Implications

EKC outbreaks can have a substantial impact on public health, leading to increased healthcare costs, absenteeism from work and school, and the disruption of healthcare services. Public health initiatives aimed at improving awareness, enhancing surveillance, and implementing effective infection control measures are critical to managing and preventing EKC outbreaks.