English Civil War

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The topic provided combines two vastly different subjects: "Common Object Request Broker Architecture" (CORBA), which is related to computer science, and the "English Civil War," which is a historical event. Given this, I'll create two separate sections within this response to address each topic appropriately.

Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)

Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is a standard defined by the Object Management Group (OMG) designed to facilitate communication between various computer systems regardless of the programming languages they use or the platforms on which they run. CORBA enables pieces of programs, called objects, to communicate with one another regardless of where they are located or who has created them.

Overview

CORBA uses an interface definition language (IDL) to specify the interfaces that objects present to the outer world. CORBA then enables the communication between the client requests and server responses via an Object Request Broker (ORB), which is responsible for ensuring that a call made from a client to a server is forwarded to the correct object and that the response follows the reverse path back to the client.

Components

• Object Request Broker (ORB): The core of the CORBA model, the ORB, facilitates communication between clients and servers by providing a mechanism for transparently making requests and receiving responses.
• Interface Definition Language (IDL): Used to define the interfaces that objects expose, IDL is a language-neutral way of specifying what operations an object can perform and what data it can accept or return.
• Dynamic Invocation Interface and Dynamic Skeleton Interface: These interfaces allow for the creation of applications that can request or serve operations at runtime without needing static stubs or skeletons.

Applications

CORBA has been used in a variety of applications, from simple web-based applications to complex enterprise systems. It is particularly valued in environments where interoperability among different technologies and languages is required.

English Civil War

The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") over, principally, the manner of England's governance and issues of religious freedoms. The war spanned from 1642 to 1651 and included events such as the execution of Charles I, the abolition of the monarchy, and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.

Causes

The causes of the English Civil War were complex and multifaceted, including political, social, economic, and religious tensions. Key issues included the king's belief in the divine right of kings, conflicts between the monarchy and Parliament, and religious disputes between Catholics, Anglicans, and Puritans.

Major Battles

• Battle of Edgehill: The first pitched battle of the war, which took place in 1642.
• Battle of Marston Moor: A decisive encounter in 1644, which led to the control of the north of England by the Parliamentarians.
• Battle of Naseby: Fought in 1645, this battle marked a significant turning point, leading to the eventual defeat of the Royalist forces.

Aftermath

The war ended with the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649, the temporary abolition of the monarchy, and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England, followed by the Protectorate under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. The monarchy was restored in 1660 with the coronation of Charles II.