Enterococcus

Enterococcus is a large genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes. Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs (diplococci) or short chains, and are difficult to distinguish from streptococci on physical characteristics alone. Two species are common commensal organisms in the intestines of humans: E. faecalis (90–95%) and E. faecium (5–10%).

Classification

Enterococci are typically classified in a group with other lactic acid bacteria, such as streptococci and lactococci. The genus Enterococcus includes more than 17 species, including pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. The most commonly isolated species are E. faecalis and E. faecium.

Pathogenicity

Enterococci are opportunistic pathogens, which can cause infections in the urinary tract, bacteremia, endocarditis, and meningitis. They are also a common cause of nosocomial infections, particularly in patients with compromised immune systems.

Resistance

Enterococci have intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins, and can acquire resistance to others. This resistance is often due to the presence of plasmids, which can be transferred between bacteria.

Treatment

Treatment of enterococcal infections can be challenging due to their resistance to antibiotics. Vancomycin is often used, but resistance to this antibiotic is increasing. Other options include linezolid and daptomycin.

Prevention

Prevention of enterococcal infections involves good hygiene practices, particularly in healthcare settings. This includes hand washing, use of personal protective equipment, and proper cleaning and disinfection of surfaces.

See also

• List of bacterial genera
• Gram-positive bacteria
• Lactic acid bacteria

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  Histological image of Enterococcus in pneumonia
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  Diagnostic algorithm of possible bacterial infection