Enterovirus D68

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a member of the Enterovirus genus, which is part of the larger Picornaviridae family of viruses. EV-D68 primarily causes respiratory illness, although its clinical manifestations can range from mild cold-like symptoms to severe respiratory distress. First identified in California, United States, in 1962, EV-D68 has since been reported in various outbreaks globally, affecting individuals of all age groups but predominantly children and those with asthma or underlying respiratory conditions.

Epidemiology

EV-D68 infections have been documented worldwide, with notable increases in reported cases during the late summer and early fall. The virus spreads through respiratory secretions, such as saliva, nasal mucus, or sputum, typically when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or touches a surface that is then touched by others. Outbreaks of EV-D68 have been observed to occur in cycles, with significant increases in respiratory illnesses associated with the virus seen in certain years.

Clinical Manifestations

The clinical presentation of EV-D68 infection can vary significantly. Many individuals may experience only mild symptoms similar to the common cold, including runny nose, sneezing, cough, and body aches. However, EV-D68 can also lead to more severe respiratory illness, such as wheezing and difficulty breathing, particularly in children with asthma or adults with compromised respiratory systems. In rare cases, EV-D68 has been associated with neurological complications, such as acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), a serious condition that affects the nervous system, causing muscle weakness and paralysis.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of EV-D68 is primarily based on the detection of the virus in respiratory specimens, such as throat swabs or samples from the lower respiratory tract. Molecular assays, including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), are commonly used to identify the presence of EV-D68 RNA. Due to the similarity in symptoms between EV-D68 and other respiratory viruses, laboratory testing is crucial for accurate diagnosis.

Treatment and Prevention

There is currently no specific antiviral treatment for EV-D68 infections. Management of the illness is primarily supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms and, in severe cases, providing respiratory support. Preventive measures include practicing good hand hygiene, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces.

Vaccines for EV-D68 are not available, making preventive strategies and public health measures critical in controlling the spread of the virus.

Conclusion

EV-D68 is a significant cause of respiratory illness, with the potential for severe outcomes in vulnerable populations. Ongoing research and surveillance are essential to better understand the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and control measures necessary to prevent and manage EV-D68 infections.