Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease

Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) is a viral illness that primarily affects members of the deer family, including white-tailed deer, mule deer, and elk. The disease is caused by the Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV), which belongs to the genus Orbivirus within the family Reoviridae. EHD is characterized by acute or subacute illness, often leading to significant mortality events within affected populations. The disease is of particular concern in North America, where it has been responsible for large-scale die-offs of wild deer populations.

Etiology

EHD is caused by the Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, which is transmitted to deer through the bite of infected Culicoides (biting midges). There are multiple serotypes of the virus, each varying in virulence and geographical distribution. The virus does not pose a risk to humans, as it is not zoonotic.

Clinical Signs

Infected deer may exhibit a range of clinical signs, including:

• High fever
• Swelling of the head, neck, tongue, and eyelids
• Respiratory distress
• Loss of appetite
• Weakness and lethargy
• Ulcers in the mouth
• Lameness due to swelling of the hooves

Deer that succumb to the disease often do so near bodies of water, as they seek out these areas due to fever-induced thirst.

Transmission

The primary vector for EHDV is the Culicoides biting midge, which becomes infected after feeding on the blood of an infected animal. Once infected, the midge can then transmit the virus to other susceptible animals through subsequent blood meals. The disease is not directly transmitted from deer to deer but requires the vector for transmission.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of EHD is typically based on clinical signs, epidemiological information, and laboratory testing. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing and virus isolation from blood or tissues are common methods used to confirm the presence of EHDV.

Treatment and Control

There is no specific treatment for EHD. Management strategies focus on reducing the deer population's exposure to the Culicoides midges. This can include habitat management to reduce breeding sites for the midges and the use of insect repellents or insecticides in some situations. Vaccines are not currently available for EHD.

Epidemiology

EHD outbreaks can occur annually, with the severity and geographical extent varying from year to year. Factors influencing outbreaks include the presence of the vector, environmental conditions that favor the vector's proliferation, and the presence of susceptible deer populations. Outbreaks are more common in late summer and early fall when midge populations are at their peak.

Impact

EHD can have a significant impact on deer populations, leading to high mortality rates in affected areas. While populations often recover, repeated outbreaks can result in long-term effects on population dynamics. The disease can also have economic impacts, particularly in areas where deer hunting is an important industry.

Prevention

Preventive measures are limited but focus on reducing the risk of transmission through vector control and habitat management. Public education on the signs of EHD and the importance of reporting suspected cases to wildlife authorities can also play a role in managing outbreaks.