Epstein-Barr
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The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4, is one of the most common viruses in humans. It is a member of the Herpesviridae family and is best known for causing infectious mononucleosis, also known as "mono" or the "kissing disease." EBV is also associated with various types of cancer, including Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Virology[edit | edit source]
EBV is a double-stranded DNA virus and is classified as a gammaherpesvirus. It has a linear genome of approximately 172 kilobase pairs and encodes around 85 genes. The virus is enveloped and has an icosahedral capsid.
Life Cycle[edit | edit source]
EBV primarily infects B cells of the immune system and epithelial cells. The virus enters the host cell by binding to the CD21 receptor on B cells. Once inside, the virus can establish a latent infection, where it persists in the host cell without producing new virus particles. During latency, EBV expresses a limited set of genes, including EBNA (Epstein-Barr nuclear antigens) and LMP (latent membrane proteins), which help the virus evade the immune system.
In some cases, EBV can reactivate from latency, leading to the production of new virus particles and potential transmission to other individuals.
Epidemiology[edit | edit source]
EBV is ubiquitous, with over 90% of the world's population infected by adulthood. The virus is primarily spread through saliva, which is why it is often associated with "kissing disease." It can also be transmitted through blood and organ transplants.
Clinical Manifestations[edit | edit source]
Infectious Mononucleosis[edit | edit source]
Infectious mononucleosis is characterized by fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. It is most common in adolescents and young adults. The incubation period is typically 4 to 6 weeks.
Associated Cancers[edit | edit source]
EBV is associated with several malignancies:
- Burkitt's lymphoma: A type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that is most common in children in Africa.
- Hodgkin's lymphoma: A cancer of the lymphatic system.
- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A cancer that occurs in the nasopharynx, the area behind the nose and above the back of the throat.
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Diagnosis of EBV infection can be made through serological tests that detect antibodies to EBV antigens. The presence of heterophile antibodies is indicative of infectious mononucleosis.
Treatment[edit | edit source]
There is no specific antiviral treatment for EBV. Management of infectious mononucleosis is primarily supportive, including rest, hydration, and pain relief. In cases of severe complications, corticosteroids may be used.
Prevention[edit | edit source]
Currently, there is no vaccine available for EBV. Preventive measures focus on reducing transmission through good hygiene practices.
Also see[edit | edit source]
- Herpesviridae
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Burkitt's lymphoma
- Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Template loop detected: Template:Herpesviridae
| Herpesviridae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Herpesviridae virion | |
| Taxonomy | |
| Kingdom | Virus |
| Order | Herpesvirales |
| Family | Herpesviridae |
| Genera | |
| Notable Species | |
| |
| Related Topics | |
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
