Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome

Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is a complex condition affecting horses, characterized by the formation of ulcers in the stomach and, in some cases, the upper part of the small intestine. This condition is of significant concern within the equine industry due to its prevalence and impact on the health and performance of affected horses. The syndrome encompasses both gastric ulcers found in the squamous and glandular regions of the stomach and duodenal ulcers in the initial part of the small intestine.

Etiology

The development of EGUS is multifactorial, with stress, dietary management, exercise intensity, and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) being primary contributors. Horses are continuous feeders by nature, and practices that deviate from this natural feeding behavior, such as infrequent feeding and high-grain diets, increase the risk of ulcer formation. Stressful conditions, including intensive training, transportation, and confinement, can also predispose horses to EGUS.

Clinical Signs

The clinical signs of EGUS can be nonspecific and vary widely among individuals. Common symptoms include:

• Poor appetite
• Weight loss
• Poor body condition
• Changes in behavior
• Colic signs
• Decreased performance

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of EGUS is primarily achieved through gastroscopy, which involves the use of a flexible camera to visually inspect the lining of the stomach and the proximal duodenum. This procedure requires the horse to be fasted and sedated. Other diagnostic methods may include clinical evaluation and response to treatment.

Treatment

The treatment of EGUS focuses on reducing gastric acidity and supporting mucosal healing. Proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole, are the cornerstone of therapy. Management changes, including increasing forage intake, reducing grain in the diet, and minimizing stress, are also crucial in the treatment and prevention of EGUS.

Prevention

Preventative strategies for EGUS involve modifications to feeding and management practices to mimic natural grazing behavior as closely as possible. This includes providing free access to forage, minimizing periods of fasting, and reducing reliance on high-grain diets. Stress reduction, through environmental enrichment and minimizing changes in routine, also plays a key role in prevention.

Epidemiology

EGUS affects a significant proportion of the equine population, with studies suggesting a prevalence rate of up to 90% in some performance horse populations. The condition is observed across all ages, breeds, and disciplines, indicating the widespread nature of the risk factors associated with the syndrome.

Conclusion

Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome represents a significant health concern within the equine community, affecting a wide range of horses across different disciplines. Understanding the multifactorial causes of EGUS is essential for effective management and prevention of the condition. Through appropriate dietary and management changes, along with medical treatment, the impact of EGUS can be significantly reduced, improving the health and performance of affected horses.

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