Exserohilum

Exserohilum is a genus of fungi that belongs to the family Pleosporaceae. It is known for its pathogenic characteristics, particularly in humans and plants. The genus includes several species, some of which are responsible for causing diseases such as sinusitis, meningitis, and keratitis.

Characteristics

Exserohilum species are dematiaceous (darkly pigmented) fungi. They are characterized by their elongated, multi-celled, and curved conidia (spores). The conidia are typically brown and have a distinctive thickened and darkened hilum (attachment point).

Pathogenicity

Exserohilum species are pathogenic to both humans and plants. In humans, they can cause a variety of diseases, including sinusitis, meningitis, and keratitis. These infections are often opportunistic, affecting individuals with weakened immune systems or those with chronic diseases.

In plants, Exserohilum species can cause leaf spot diseases, which can lead to significant crop losses. The most notable of these is Exserohilum turcicum, which causes northern leaf blight in corn.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of Exserohilum infections in humans is typically made through microscopic examination of clinical specimens, such as tissue or fluid samples. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications, such as itraconazole or voriconazole. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.

In plants, management of Exserohilum diseases typically involves the use of fungicides and cultural practices aimed at reducing the spread of the fungus.

Epidemiology

Exserohilum species are widely distributed in the environment, particularly in soil and plant debris. Human infections are relatively rare but can occur following exposure to the fungus, particularly through inhalation of airborne spores or direct contact with contaminated materials.

See Also

• Pleosporaceae
• Fungal diseases
• Meningitis
• Sinusitis
• Keratitis