Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of psychotherapy developed by Francine Shapiro in the late 1980s. It is designed to alleviate the distress associated with traumatic memories. EMDR therapy facilitates the accessing and processing of traumatic memories and other adverse life experiences to bring these to an adaptive resolution.

Overview

EMDR therapy is an eight-phase treatment that typically involves the patient recalling distressing images while receiving one of several types of bilateral sensory input, including side-to-side eye movements, hand tapping, or audio stimulation. The therapy is built on the premise that the bilateral stimulation can reduce the emotional impact of traumatic memories and allow clients to develop more adaptive coping mechanisms.

History

EMDR was developed by Dr. Francine Shapiro after she made the observation that certain eye movements reduced the intensity of disturbing thoughts. In 1989, Shapiro published the first research supporting the benefits of EMDR therapy in the Journal of Traumatic Stress, which showed that EMDR was effective in treating victims of trauma.

Methodology

The EMDR approach is structured into eight phases:

1. History and treatment planning
2. Preparation, to establish trust and explain the treatment process
3. Assessment, to establish a baseline for the client's disturbing memories
4. Desensitization, involving the eye movement technique
5. Installation, to strengthen positive beliefs
6. Body scan, to identify any residual somatic distress
7. Closure, to return the client to equilibrium
8. Reevaluation, to ensure treatment effects are maintained over time

Applications

EMDR is primarily used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related disorders. However, it has also been applied to treat anxiety disorders, depression, and issues such as phobias, pain management, and addiction.

Effectiveness

Research has generally supported EMDR as effective for the treatment of trauma and PTSD. Various studies and meta-analyses have found it to be as effective as, or more effective than, other forms of trauma-focused therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

Criticism and Controversy

Despite its acceptance by many healthcare professionals, EMDR has faced criticism and skepticism, particularly regarding the mechanism by which it works. Critics argue that the eye movements in EMDR do not add to its effectiveness and that its benefits are primarily derived from elements it shares with more traditional forms of psychotherapy, such as exposure and cognitive restructuring.

Training and Certification

Practitioners of EMDR are typically licensed mental health professionals who have undergone specific training in EMDR methodology. Various organizations, such as the EMDR International Association (EMDRIA), offer certification in EMDR therapy.

See Also

• Trauma therapy
• Cognitive behavioral therapy
• Psychotherapy