Farnesene

Farnesene is a naturally occurring group of chemical compounds known as sesquiterpenes, which are a class of terpenes consisting of three isoprene units and containing fifteen carbon atoms. Farnesenes are found in a wide variety of plants and are responsible for the aroma of many fruits and flowers. They are also found in the essential oils of various plants, contributing to their fragrance and flavor.

Types and Structure

There are several isomers of farnesene, with α-farnesene and β-farnesene being the most common. The structure of farnesene is characterized by a chain of fifteen carbon atoms with varying positions of double bonds, which accounts for the different isomers.

α-Farnesene

α-Farnesene is characterized by its three double bonds at specific positions in the carbon chain. It is commonly found in the skin of apples and contributes to the characteristic aroma of green apples. α-Farnesene is also known for its role in the defense mechanisms of plants, acting as a pheromone in certain plant-insect interactions.

β-Farnesene

β-Farnesene has a different configuration of double bonds compared to α-farnesene. It is widely present in the essential oils of various plants, including hops, which are used in the brewing of beer. β-Farnesene serves as an important pheromone in the communication among certain insect species and plays a role in the defense strategies of plants against herbivore attacks.

Biosynthesis

Farnesene is biosynthesized from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), a key intermediate in the mevalonate pathway, which is involved in the synthesis of terpenoids and steroids. The conversion of FPP to farnesene is catalyzed by the enzyme farnesene synthase.

Applications

Farnesene has various applications in the cosmetic, food, and biofuel industries. In cosmetics, it is used for its fragrance and potential anti-aging properties. In the food industry, farnesene derivatives are used as flavoring agents. Additionally, farnesene is being researched for its use in the production of renewable fuels, as it can be converted into hydrocarbons that serve as diesel and jet fuel substitutes.

Health and Safety

While farnesene is generally considered safe, it can cause allergic reactions in some individuals when applied topically. It is always recommended to conduct a patch test before using products containing farnesene on the skin.

Research

Research on farnesene continues to explore its potential benefits and applications. Studies are investigating its role in plant defense mechanisms, its antimicrobial properties, and its feasibility as a sustainable biofuel source.