Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that affects cats worldwide. Similar to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in humans, FIV primarily targets the immune system, leading to a weakened state that is more susceptible to infections and diseases. However, FIV is species-specific and cannot be transmitted to humans.

Transmission

FIV is primarily transmitted through deep bite wounds, where the virus in the saliva of an infected cat enters the bloodstream of another cat. Casual, non-aggressive contact does not typically result in transmission, which means that cats living together in the same household are at low risk unless they engage in severe fights. Other less common modes of transmission include mother to offspring transmission during birth or through milk, and very rarely, through sexual contact.

Symptoms

The symptoms of FIV can vary widely and may include:

• Enlarged lymph nodes
• Fever
• Anemia
• Weight loss
• Poor coat condition
• Persistent diarrhea
• Recurrent or persistent infections of the skin, urinary tract, and respiratory system

It's important to note that after initial infection, cats can appear normal for years. However, as the disease progresses, the immune system becomes increasingly compromised, leading to the conditions mentioned above.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of FIV is primarily based on blood tests that detect antibodies against the virus. The most common tests include:

• ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
• Western blot test

False positives can occur, especially in kittens born to FIV-positive mothers, due to the presence of maternal antibodies. Therefore, kittens testing positive should be retested after 6 months of age.

Treatment

There is no cure for FIV, but the disease can be managed with supportive care. Treatment focuses on:

• Maintaining a healthy environment
• Regular veterinary check-ups
• Prompt treatment of secondary infections
• Nutritional support
• In some cases, antiretroviral drugs may be used

Prevention

Prevention of FIV involves:

• Keeping cats indoors to avoid exposure to infected cats
• Neutering to reduce aggressive behavior
• FIV vaccination (where available)

It's important to note that the FIV vaccine may cause a cat to test positive on FIV antibody tests, so vaccinated cats should be microchipped and their vaccination status recorded.

Prognosis

With proper care, FIV-positive cats can live normal lifespans. However, they are at increased risk of developing secondary infections and certain cancers. Regular veterinary care and a stress-free environment are crucial for maintaining their health.

Epidemiology

FIV is present in cat populations worldwide, with prevalence rates varying significantly depending on geographic location, environment, and the cat's lifestyle.