Ferrous gluconate

Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies

Diagram of engineered monoclonal antibodies

Engineered monoclonal antibodies are a class of biological therapies that are designed to target specific antigens on the surface of cells. These antibodies are produced using recombinant DNA technologies and are used in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

Structure and Function

Monoclonal antibodies are composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, forming a Y-shaped molecule. The tips of the "Y" contain the antigen-binding sites, which are highly specific to the target antigen. This specificity allows monoclonal antibodies to bind to their target with high affinity, blocking or modulating the function of the antigen.

Types of Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies

There are several types of engineered monoclonal antibodies, each designed for specific therapeutic purposes:

• Chimeric antibodies: These antibodies are composed of murine (mouse) variable regions and human constant regions. They are less immunogenic than fully murine antibodies.

• Humanized antibodies: These antibodies are mostly human, with only the antigen-binding sites derived from murine sources. This reduces the risk of immune reactions.

• Fully human antibodies: These are entirely human in origin, produced using transgenic mice or phage display technologies.

• Bispecific antibodies: These antibodies are engineered to bind two different antigens simultaneously, offering unique therapeutic mechanisms.

Applications in Medicine

Engineered monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases:

• Cancer therapy: Monoclonal antibodies can target specific tumor antigens, leading to direct tumor cell killing or recruitment of immune cells to attack the tumor.

• Autoimmune diseases: By targeting specific components of the immune system, monoclonal antibodies can reduce inflammation and tissue damage in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

• Infectious diseases: Monoclonal antibodies can neutralize pathogens or their toxins, providing passive immunity or enhancing the host's immune response.

Production

The production of engineered monoclonal antibodies involves several steps:

1. Antigen identification: The target antigen is identified and characterized. 2. Hybridoma technology: B cells from immunized animals are fused with myeloma cells to create hybridomas that produce the desired antibody. 3. Recombinant DNA technology: Genes encoding the antibody are cloned and expressed in suitable host cells, such as Chinese hamster ovary cells. 4. Purification and formulation: The antibodies are purified and formulated for clinical use.

Challenges and Future Directions

While engineered monoclonal antibodies have shown great promise, there are challenges such as high production costs, potential for immune reactions, and the development of resistance. Ongoing research aims to improve antibody design, reduce immunogenicity, and enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Related Pages

• Monoclonal antibody therapy
• Biopharmaceutical
• Immunotherapy
• Hybridoma technology

Overview

Ferrous gluconate is an iron supplement used to treat or prevent low blood levels of iron (such as those caused by anemia or pregnancy). Iron is an essential mineral that the body needs to produce red blood cells and keep you in good health.

Chemical Composition

Ferrous gluconate is the iron(II) salt of gluconic acid. Its chemical formula is C₁₂H₂₂FeO₁₄. It appears as a yellowish-gray or pale greenish-yellow powder or granules.

Mechanism of Action

Ferrous gluconate works by replenishing iron stores in the body. Iron is a critical component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. It is also a component of myoglobin, a protein that provides oxygen to muscles, and is necessary for cellular metabolism and energy production.

Indications

Ferrous gluconate is indicated for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia and for the prevention of iron deficiency in high-risk populations, such as pregnant women, infants, and individuals with chronic blood loss.

Dosage and Administration

Ferrous gluconate is typically administered orally. The dosage depends on the patient's age, condition, and response to treatment. It is usually taken on an empty stomach for better absorption, but if it causes stomach upset, it can be taken with food.

Side Effects

Common side effects of ferrous gluconate include constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Dark stools are also a common side effect and are not harmful. Serious side effects are rare but can include allergic reactions and iron overload.

Contraindications

Ferrous gluconate should not be used in individuals with hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis, or other conditions that lead to iron overload. It is also contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug.

Interactions

Ferrous gluconate can interact with certain medications, including antacids, tetracyclines, and quinolones, which can decrease its absorption. It can also interact with levothyroxine, reducing its effectiveness.

Pharmacokinetics

After oral administration, ferrous gluconate is absorbed in the duodenum and upper jejunum. Its absorption is enhanced by the presence of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and is inhibited by calcium, phosphates, and phytates.

Storage

Ferrous gluconate should be stored at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. It should be kept out of reach of children to prevent accidental overdose.

See Also

• Iron deficiency anemia
• Iron supplements
• Hemoglobin

External Links

• [MedlinePlus: Ferrous Gluconate](https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682578.html)