Filling (dentistry)

Dental filling or tooth filling is a dentistry procedure used to restore the function, integrity, and morphology of missing tooth structure resulting from caries or external trauma. It also helps in the prevention of further decay. The process involves the removal of decayed tooth material, cleaning the affected area, and then filling the cleaned out cavity with a filling material. Dental fillings are also used to repair cracked or broken teeth and teeth that have been worn down from misuse (such as from nail-biting or tooth grinding).

Types of Filling Materials

Several filling materials are available, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The choice of material depends on the extent of repair needed, where in the mouth the filling is required, and the cost.

• Amalgam: Made of a mixture of mercury, silver, tin, and copper. Amalgam has been used for over a century and is known for its durability and strength. However, due to its metallic appearance, it's more noticeable than other types of fillings and is not suitable for visible areas.
• Composite resins: These are tooth-colored fillings that provide good durability and resistance to fracture in small-to-mid size restorations. Composite resins can be more easily matched to the color of specific teeth, making them a better choice for visible areas.
• Glass ionomer cement: This type of filling is made of acrylic and a specific type of glass material. It releases fluoride, which can help protect the tooth from further decay. However, glass ionomer is less durable than composite resin and is more susceptible to wear and tear.
• Ceramic fillings: Made of porcelain, ceramic fillings are durable and offer excellent aesthetics, matching the tooth color very closely. They are also resistant to staining.
• Gold fillings: Gold fillings are made to order in a laboratory and then cemented into place. While gold fillings are often the most expensive choice, they are durable and can last more than 20 years.

Procedure

The procedure for placing a dental filling involves several steps:

1. The dentist will use a local anesthetic to numb the area around the tooth to be filled.
2. Next, decay or damaged tooth material is removed using a drill, air abrasion instrument, or laser.
3. The dentist will then prepare the space for the filling by cleaning the cavity of bacteria and debris.
4. If the decay is near the root, the dentist may first put in a liner made of glass ionomer, composite resin, or other material to protect the nerve.
5. Once the cavity is prepared, the filling material is applied in layers, with a special light often used to harden each layer.
6. After the multi-layering process is complete, the dentist will shape the composite material to the desired result, trim off any excess material, and polish the final restoration.

Aftercare

After receiving a dental filling, patients may experience sensitivity to cold and hot in the beginning. This sensitivity usually decreases over one to two weeks. To ensure the longevity of the filling, it's important to maintain good oral hygiene practices, including brushing twice a day, flossing daily, and visiting the dentist regularly for check-ups and cleanings.

Risks and Complications

While dental filling procedures are generally safe, there are some risks and complications associated with them, such as:

• Tooth sensitivity or pain
• Allergic reactions to filling materials, especially in the case of amalgam fillings due to mercury content
• Cracks or damage to the filling over time

Conclusion

Dental fillings are a common and effective way to restore damaged teeth and prevent further decay. With a variety of materials available, patients have options to choose from based on their needs, preferences, and budget. Regular dental visits and good oral hygiene can help ensure the longevity of dental fillings and overall oral health.