Finland

EU-Finland (orthographic projection)

EU-Finland

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Kivikautinen karhunpäänuija

Suomenlinna

Finland (Finnish: Suomi, Swedish: Finland), officially known as the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country located in Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden to the west, Norway to the north, Russia to the east, and is adjacent to Estonia across the Gulf of Finland to the south. Finland covers an area of approximately 338,455 square kilometers, making it the eighth largest country in Europe. The capital and largest city is Helsinki.

History

The area that is now Finland was settled around 9000 BC after the last Ice Age. It became part of the Swedish Empire in the 12th century and remained so until the early 19th century when it was ceded to the Russian Empire. Finland declared independence from Russia on December 6, 1917, a date now celebrated annually as its Independence Day. The country was involved in both the Winter War and the Continuation War with the Soviet Union during World War II, after which it retained its independence.

Geography

Finland is known for its vast forests (covering about 75% of the land area), numerous lakes (over 180,000), and extensive archipelagos. The country has a flat to rolling plains landscape with few hills and mountains, the highest point being Halti at 1,324 meters above sea level. The climate varies from cold and temperate in the north, with long, harsh winters and short, mild summers, to more temperate conditions in the south.

Government and Politics

Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 309 municipalities. It has a multi-party system, and the President of Finland is the head of state, elected for a six-year term. The Eduskunta (Parliament of Finland) is unicameral, with 200 members elected for four-year terms. Finland is known for its high level of civic participation and political transparency.

Economy

The Finnish economy is a mixed economy with a per capita output equal to that of other European economies such as France, Germany, Sweden, or the UK. The key economic sectors include manufacturing – particularly machinery, electronics, and vehicles; services, including information technology; and forestry, which has declined in importance but remains significant. Finland is also known for its education system, which is ranked among the best in the world.

Culture

Finnish culture is influenced by the country's history with both Sweden and Russia, as well as its geography. The official languages are Finnish and Swedish, with Finnish being the more widely spoken. Finland has a strong tradition in literature, visual arts, music (especially classical and heavy metal), and cinema. The country is also famous for its sauna culture, which is considered an essential part of Finnish identity.

Education and Science

Finland's education system is highly regarded internationally, with a strong emphasis on equality and high-quality teaching. The country consistently ranks at the top in PISA assessments. Finland is also home to several prestigious universities and research institutions, contributing significantly to research in fields such as technology, medicine, and environmental science.

Sports

Winter sports are popular in Finland, with ice hockey and skiing being favorite pastimes. The country has also been successful in athletics, especially in long-distance running, and in motorsports, with several Formula One champions. The traditional Finnish sport of pesäpallo, similar to baseball, is also widely played.