Francium

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Francium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It is an extremely rare and highly radioactive alkali metal. Francium is the second-least electronegative element, only after cesium, and is the least electron-affinitive element.

History[edit | edit source]

Francium was discovered by Marguerite Perey in 1939 while she was working as an assistant to Marie Curie at the Curie Institute in Paris. It was the last element discovered in nature rather than by synthesis. Perey named the element after her home country, France.

Characteristics[edit | edit source]

Francium is highly radioactive; its most stable isotope, francium-223, has a half-life of only 22 minutes. Due to its high instability, francium is one of the least studied elements. It is estimated that there are no more than 30 grams of francium in the Earth's crust at any given time.

Physical properties[edit | edit source]

Francium is presumed to have a melting point of around 27 °C (81 °F) and a boiling point of about 677 °C (1251 °F). It is expected to be a soft, highly reactive metal, similar to other elements in the alkali metal group.

Chemical properties[edit | edit source]

Francium reacts violently with water, producing francium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. It also reacts with halogens to form francium halides. Due to its extreme rarity and radioactivity, francium has no commercial applications and is primarily of interest for research purposes.

Isotopes[edit | edit source]

Francium has 34 known isotopes, with francium-223 being the most stable. The isotopes of francium range in atomic mass from 199 to 232. Most of these isotopes have very short half-lives, making them difficult to study.

Occurrence[edit | edit source]

Francium occurs naturally as a result of the alpha decay of actinium. It is found in trace amounts in uranium and thorium ores. Due to its short half-life, it is extremely rare in nature.

Applications[edit | edit source]

Due to its scarcity and radioactivity, francium has no significant commercial applications. It is primarily used in scientific research, particularly in the fields of nuclear physics and chemistry.

References[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
	Hydrogen & alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals											Triels	Tetrels	Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
Period 1	[[ hydrogen \|Hydrogen1H1.0080]]																	[[ helium \|Helium2He4.0026]]
2	[[ lithium \|Lithium3Li6.94]]	[[ beryllium \|Beryllium4Be9.0122]]											[[ boron \|Boron5B10.81]]	[[ carbon \|Carbon6C12.011]]	[[ nitrogen \|Nitrogen7N14.007]]	[[ oxygen \|Oxygen8O15.999]]	[[ fluorine \|Fluorine9F18.998]]	[[ neon \|Neon10Ne20.180]]
3	[[ sodium \|Sodium11Na22.990]]	[[ magnesium \|Magnesium12Mg24.305]]											[[ aluminium \|Aluminium13Al26.982]]	[[ silicon \|Silicon14Si28.085]]	[[ phosphorus\|Phosphorus15P30.974]]	[[ sulfur \|Sulfur16S32.06]]	[[ chlorine \|Chlorine17Cl35.45]]	[[ argon \|Argon18Ar39.95]]
4	[[ potassium \|Potassium19K39.098]]	[[ calcium \|Calcium20Ca40.078]]	[[ scandium \|Scandium21Sc44.956]]	[[ titanium \|Titanium22Ti47.867]]	[[ vanadium \|Vanadium23V50.942]]	[[ chromium \|Chromium24Cr51.996]]	[[ manganese \|Manganese25Mn54.938]]	[[ iron \|Iron26Fe55.845]]	[[ cobalt \|Cobalt27Co58.933]]	[[ nickel \|Nickel28Ni58.693]]	[[ copper \|Copper29Cu63.546]]	[[ zinc \|Zinc30Zn65.38]]	[[ gallium \|Gallium31Ga69.723]]	[[ germanium \|Germanium32Ge72.630]]	[[ arsenic \|Arsenic33As74.922]]	[[ selenium \|Selenium34Se78.971]]	[[ bromine \|Bromine35Br79.904]]	[[ krypton \|Krypton36Kr83.798]]
5	[[ rubidium \|Rubidium37Rb85.468]]	[[ strontium \|Strontium38Sr87.62]]	[[ yttrium \|Yttrium39Y88.906]]	[[ zirconium \|Zirconium40Zr91.224]]	[[ niobium \|Niobium41Nb92.906]]	[[ molybdenum\|Molybdenum42Mo95.95]]	[[ technetium\|Technetium43Tc[97]]]	[[ ruthenium \|Ruthenium44Ru101.07]]	[[ rhodium \|Rhodium45Rh102.91]]	[[ palladium \|Palladium46Pd106.42]]	[[ silver \|Silver47Ag107.87]]	[[ cadmium \|Cadmium48Cd112.41]]	[[ indium \|Indium49In114.82]]	[[ tin \|Tin50Sn118.71]]	[[ antimony \|Antimony51Sb121.76]]	[[ tellurium \|Tellurium52Te127.60]]	[[ iodine \|Iodine53I126.90]]	[[ xenon \|Xenon54Xe131.29]]
6	[[ caesium \|Caesium55Cs132.91]]	[[ barium \|Barium56Ba137.33]]	[[ lutetium \|Lutetium71Lu174.97]]	[[ hafnium \|Hafnium72Hf178.49]]	[[ tantalum \|Tantalum73Ta180.95]]	[[ tungsten \|Tungsten74W183.84]]	[[ rhenium \|Rhenium75Re186.21]]	[[ osmium \|Osmium76Os190.23]]	[[ iridium \|Iridium77Ir192.22]]	[[ platinum \|Platinum78Pt195.08]]	[[ gold \|Gold79Au196.97]]	[[ Mercury (element)\|Mercury80Hg200.59]]	[[ thallium \|Thallium81Tl204.38]]	[[ lead \|Lead82Pb207.2]]	[[ bismuth \|Bismuth83Bi208.98]]	[[ polonium \|Polonium84Po[209]]]	[[ astatine \|Astatine85At[210]]]	[[ radon \|Radon86Rn[222]]]
7	[[ francium \|Francium87Fr[223]]]	[[ radium \|Radium88Ra[226]]]	[[ lawrencium \|Lawrencium103Lr[266]]]	[[ rutherfordium\|Rutherfordium104Rf[267]]]	[[ dubnium \|Dubnium105Db[268]]]	[[ seaborgium \|Seaborgium106Sg[269]]]	[[ bohrium \|Bohrium107Bh[270]]]	[[ hassium \|Hassium108Hs[269]]]	[[ meitnerium \|Meitnerium109Mt[278]]]	[[ darmstadtium \|Darmstadtium110Ds[281]]]	[[ roentgenium \|Roentgenium111Rg[282]]]	[[ copernicium \|Copernicium112Cn[285]]]	[[ nihonium \|Nihonium113Nh[286]]]	[[ flerovium \|Flerovium114Fl[289]]]	[[ moscovium \|Moscovium115Mc[290]]]	[[ livermorium \|Livermorium116Lv[293]]]	[[ tennessine \|Tennessine117Ts[294]]]	[[ oganesson \|Oganesson118Og[294]]]

			[[ lanthanum \|Lanthanum57La138.91]]	[[ cerium \|Cerium58Ce140.12]]	[[ praseodymium\|Praseodymium59Pr140.91]]	[[ neodymium \|Neodymium60Nd144.24]]	[[ promethium \|Promethium61Pm[145]]]	[[ samarium \|Samarium62Sm150.36]]	[[ europium \|Europium63Eu151.96]]	[[ gadolinium \|Gadolinium64Gd157.25]]	[[ terbium \|Terbium65Tb158.93]]	[[ dysprosium \|Dysprosium66Dy162.50]]	[[ holmium \|Holmium67Ho164.93]]	[[ erbium \|Erbium68Er167.26]]	[[ thulium \|Thulium69Tm168.93]]	[[ ytterbium \|Ytterbium70Yb173.05]]
			[[ actinium \|Actinium89Ac[227]]]	[[ thorium \|Thorium90Th232.04]]	[[ protactinium\|Protactinium91Pa231.04]]	[[ uranium \|Uranium92U238.03]]	[[ neptunium \|Neptunium93Np[237]]]	[[ plutonium \|Plutonium94Pu[244]]]	[[ americium \|Americium95Am[243]]]	[[ curium \|Curium96Cm[247]]]	[[ berkelium \|Berkelium97Bk[247]]]	[[ californium \|Californium98Cf[251]]]	[[ einsteinium \|Einsteinium99Es[252]]]	[[ fermium \|Fermium100Fm[257]]]	[[ mendelevium\|Mendelevium101Md[258]]]	[[ nobelium \|Nobelium102No[259]]]

Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element

Standard atomic weight A_{r, std}(E)^[1]

Ca: 40.078

— Abridged value (uncertainty omitted here)^[2]

Po: [209] — mass number of the most stable isotope

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[CIAAW2013-1] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CIAAW2013

[CIAAW2021-2] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CIAAW2021

[1]

[2]

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
	Hydrogen & alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals											Triels	Tetrels	Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
Period 1	[[ hydrogen \|Hydrogen1H1.0080]]																	[[ helium \|Helium2He4.0026]]
2	[[ lithium \|Lithium3Li6.94]]	[[ beryllium \|Beryllium4Be9.0122]]											[[ boron \|Boron5B10.81]]	[[ carbon \|Carbon6C12.011]]	[[ nitrogen \|Nitrogen7N14.007]]	[[ oxygen \|Oxygen8O15.999]]	[[ fluorine \|Fluorine9F18.998]]	[[ neon \|Neon10Ne20.180]]
3	[[ sodium \|Sodium11Na22.990]]	[[ magnesium \|Magnesium12Mg24.305]]											[[ aluminium \|Aluminium13Al26.982]]	[[ silicon \|Silicon14Si28.085]]	[[ phosphorus\|Phosphorus15P30.974]]	[[ sulfur \|Sulfur16S32.06]]	[[ chlorine \|Chlorine17Cl35.45]]	[[ argon \|Argon18Ar39.95]]
4	[[ potassium \|Potassium19K39.098]]	[[ calcium \|Calcium20Ca40.078]]	[[ scandium \|Scandium21Sc44.956]]	[[ titanium \|Titanium22Ti47.867]]	[[ vanadium \|Vanadium23V50.942]]	[[ chromium \|Chromium24Cr51.996]]	[[ manganese \|Manganese25Mn54.938]]	[[ iron \|Iron26Fe55.845]]	[[ cobalt \|Cobalt27Co58.933]]	[[ nickel \|Nickel28Ni58.693]]	[[ copper \|Copper29Cu63.546]]	[[ zinc \|Zinc30Zn65.38]]	[[ gallium \|Gallium31Ga69.723]]	[[ germanium \|Germanium32Ge72.630]]	[[ arsenic \|Arsenic33As74.922]]	[[ selenium \|Selenium34Se78.971]]	[[ bromine \|Bromine35Br79.904]]	[[ krypton \|Krypton36Kr83.798]]
5	[[ rubidium \|Rubidium37Rb85.468]]	[[ strontium \|Strontium38Sr87.62]]	[[ yttrium \|Yttrium39Y88.906]]	[[ zirconium \|Zirconium40Zr91.224]]	[[ niobium \|Niobium41Nb92.906]]	[[ molybdenum\|Molybdenum42Mo95.95]]	[[ technetium\|Technetium43Tc[97]]]	[[ ruthenium \|Ruthenium44Ru101.07]]	[[ rhodium \|Rhodium45Rh102.91]]	[[ palladium \|Palladium46Pd106.42]]	[[ silver \|Silver47Ag107.87]]	[[ cadmium \|Cadmium48Cd112.41]]	[[ indium \|Indium49In114.82]]	[[ tin \|Tin50Sn118.71]]	[[ antimony \|Antimony51Sb121.76]]	[[ tellurium \|Tellurium52Te127.60]]	[[ iodine \|Iodine53I126.90]]	[[ xenon \|Xenon54Xe131.29]]
6	[[ caesium \|Caesium55Cs132.91]]	[[ barium \|Barium56Ba137.33]]	[[ lutetium \|Lutetium71Lu174.97]]	[[ hafnium \|Hafnium72Hf178.49]]	[[ tantalum \|Tantalum73Ta180.95]]	[[ tungsten \|Tungsten74W183.84]]	[[ rhenium \|Rhenium75Re186.21]]	[[ osmium \|Osmium76Os190.23]]	[[ iridium \|Iridium77Ir192.22]]	[[ platinum \|Platinum78Pt195.08]]	[[ gold \|Gold79Au196.97]]	[[ Mercury (element)\|Mercury80Hg200.59]]	[[ thallium \|Thallium81Tl204.38]]	[[ lead \|Lead82Pb207.2]]	[[ bismuth \|Bismuth83Bi208.98]]	[[ polonium \|Polonium84Po[209]]]	[[ astatine \|Astatine85At[210]]]	[[ radon \|Radon86Rn[222]]]
7	[[ francium \|Francium87Fr[223]]]	[[ radium \|Radium88Ra[226]]]	[[ lawrencium \|Lawrencium103Lr[266]]]	[[ rutherfordium\|Rutherfordium104Rf[267]]]	[[ dubnium \|Dubnium105Db[268]]]	[[ seaborgium \|Seaborgium106Sg[269]]]	[[ bohrium \|Bohrium107Bh[270]]]	[[ hassium \|Hassium108Hs[269]]]	[[ meitnerium \|Meitnerium109Mt[278]]]	[[ darmstadtium \|Darmstadtium110Ds[281]]]	[[ roentgenium \|Roentgenium111Rg[282]]]	[[ copernicium \|Copernicium112Cn[285]]]	[[ nihonium \|Nihonium113Nh[286]]]	[[ flerovium \|Flerovium114Fl[289]]]	[[ moscovium \|Moscovium115Mc[290]]]	[[ livermorium \|Livermorium116Lv[293]]]	[[ tennessine \|Tennessine117Ts[294]]]	[[ oganesson \|Oganesson118Og[294]]]

			[[ lanthanum \|Lanthanum57La138.91]]	[[ cerium \|Cerium58Ce140.12]]	[[ praseodymium\|Praseodymium59Pr140.91]]	[[ neodymium \|Neodymium60Nd144.24]]	[[ promethium \|Promethium61Pm[145]]]	[[ samarium \|Samarium62Sm150.36]]	[[ europium \|Europium63Eu151.96]]	[[ gadolinium \|Gadolinium64Gd157.25]]	[[ terbium \|Terbium65Tb158.93]]	[[ dysprosium \|Dysprosium66Dy162.50]]	[[ holmium \|Holmium67Ho164.93]]	[[ erbium \|Erbium68Er167.26]]	[[ thulium \|Thulium69Tm168.93]]	[[ ytterbium \|Ytterbium70Yb173.05]]
			[[ actinium \|Actinium89Ac[227]]]	[[ thorium \|Thorium90Th232.04]]	[[ protactinium\|Protactinium91Pa231.04]]	[[ uranium \|Uranium92U238.03]]	[[ neptunium \|Neptunium93Np[237]]]	[[ plutonium \|Plutonium94Pu[244]]]	[[ americium \|Americium95Am[243]]]	[[ curium \|Curium96Cm[247]]]	[[ berkelium \|Berkelium97Bk[247]]]	[[ californium \|Californium98Cf[251]]]	[[ einsteinium \|Einsteinium99Es[252]]]	[[ fermium \|Fermium100Fm[257]]]	[[ mendelevium\|Mendelevium101Md[258]]]	[[ nobelium \|Nobelium102No[259]]]