French Guiana

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Cayenne (46853854301)

Panorama depuis l'île Royale

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Guyanas

Domenico Failutti - Retrato de João Severiano M. da Costa (Marquês de Queluz), Acervo do Museu Paulista da USP

Straatbeeld in Frans Guyana, NG-2008-37-38

French Guiana is an overseas department and region of France, located on the northeastern coast of South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the south and east, Suriname to the west, and the Atlantic Ocean to the northeast. French Guiana is the only territory of the mainland Americas to be fully integrated into a European country. Among its most prominent features are the Amazon Rainforest, which covers a significant portion of its land area, and the Guiana Space Centre, a major spaceport utilized by the European Space Agency (ESA), the French space agency CNES, and Arianespace.

History

The history of French Guiana dates back to the first European settlement by the French in the 17th century. It was originally inhabited by various indigenous groups before the arrival of European settlers. The region went through periods of economic fluctuations, largely dependent on agriculture and the notorious penal colony system, including the infamous Devil's Island. This penal colony was operational until 1953 and is a significant part of the region's history, often associated with the wrongful imprisonment of Captain Alfred Dreyfus.

Geography

French Guiana is characterized by its vast expanses of rainforest, part of the Amazon basin, making it a rich area for biodiversity. The terrain is varied, with coastal plains in the north, hills in the interior, and mountains to the south. The Maroni River and the Oyapock River are significant geographical features, serving as natural borders with Suriname and Brazil, respectively.

Economy

The economy of French Guiana is heavily reliant on space technology, public administration, and to a lesser extent, agriculture and gold mining. The Guiana Space Centre is a cornerstone of its economy, providing jobs and technological prestige. Despite its rich natural resources, French Guiana faces economic challenges, including a high cost of living and significant social disparities.

Demographics

French Guiana is home to a diverse population, comprising people of Creole, African, European, Brazilian, Chinese, and Indigenous descent. French is the official language, reflecting its status as an overseas department of France. The region's culture is a blend of its diverse population, with influences from Caribbean, South American, and European traditions.

Politics

As an integral part of France, French Guiana is represented in the French Parliament by deputies and senators. It has a local government structure similar to other French departments, including a Prefect appointed by the French government and a locally elected assembly. The region's political status often sparks debate regarding its integration, autonomy, and development policies.

Environmental Concerns

French Guiana's vast rainforests are under threat from illegal gold mining, deforestation, and the impacts of climate change. Conservation efforts are in place to protect its biodiversity, including several protected areas and national parks. The challenge remains to balance economic development with environmental preservation.

Culture

The culture of French Guiana is a rich tapestry that reflects its diverse population. It is celebrated through music, dance, cuisine, and festivals, such as the colorful Carnival. Traditional Creole houses, with their distinctive architecture, dot the landscape, while indigenous crafts and French influence are evident in the region's art and culinary traditions.