Generalised tonic–clonic seizure

Generalised tonic–clonic seizure (GTCS), also known as a grand mal seizure, is a type of seizure that involves the entire body. These seizures are characterised by a sudden loss of consciousness followed by stiffening of the body (tonic phase) and then rapid, rhythmic jerking movements (clonic phase).

Causes

GTCS can be caused by a variety of conditions, including epilepsy, brain injury, stroke, and certain genetic disorders. In some cases, the cause of the seizure may not be identifiable.

Symptoms

The symptoms of a GTCS typically include a sudden loss of consciousness, followed by stiffening of the body and then rapid, rhythmic jerking movements. Other symptoms can include biting of the tongue, loss of bladder control, and confusion or fatigue after the seizure (postictal state).

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of GTCS is typically based on a detailed medical history and physical examination. Additional tests, such as an electroencephalogram (EEG) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may be used to confirm the diagnosis and identify the underlying cause of the seizures.

Treatment

Treatment for GTCS typically involves the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). These medications can help to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the area of the brain that is causing the seizures.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with GTCS varies depending on the underlying cause of the seizures. With appropriate treatment, many individuals can achieve good seizure control and lead normal lives.

See also

• Epilepsy
• Seizure types
• Status epilepticus

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