Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act

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Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) is a United States federal law that prohibits discrimination in health coverage and employment based on genetic information. Enacted in 2008, GINA aims to protect individuals from being treated unfairly due to their genetic makeup.

Background

Genetic information refers to data about an individual's genetic tests, genetic tests of family members, and the manifestation of a disease or disorder in family members. Prior to the passage of GINA, concerns arose that individuals might avoid genetic testing or counseling out of fear that the information could be used against them in health insurance or employment decisions.

Provisions

Under GINA, health insurers are prohibited from using genetic information to deny coverage, adjust premiums, or impose preexisting condition exclusions. Similarly, employers are restricted from using genetic information in hiring, firing, or promotion decisions. GINA also prohibits the collection of genetic information by employers except in limited circumstances.

Enforcement

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces GINA's employment provisions, while the Department of Health and Human Services oversees compliance with the law in the health insurance sector. Individuals who believe their rights under GINA have been violated can file complaints with these agencies.

Impact

Since its enactment, GINA has provided important protections for individuals seeking genetic testing and counseling. By safeguarding against discrimination, the law has encouraged more people to take advantage of genetic services without fear of negative repercussions.

See also

• Genetic testing
• Health insurance
• Employment discrimination
• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission