Gibbus deformity

Gibbus Deformity is a type of spinal deformity characterized by a sharp, angular kyphotic curve, particularly noticeable in the sagittal plane. This condition is often associated with a variety of diseases, including tuberculosis of the spine (Pott's disease), congenital malformations, and other conditions that lead to the collapse of one or more vertebral bodies, leading to a hump-like appearance on the back. The term "gibbus" originates from Latin, meaning "hump".

Causes

Gibbus deformity can result from several underlying conditions, including:

• Tuberculosis of the spine (Pott's disease), which is one of the most common causes in areas where tuberculosis is prevalent.
• Scheuermann's disease, a condition that affects the growth of the vertebral bodies during adolescence.
• Osteoporosis, leading to vertebral compression fractures.
• Spinal tumors or infections that lead to the destruction of the vertebral body.
• Congenital malformations, such as hemivertebrae, where one side of the vertebra fails to form properly.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of a gibbus deformity is the visible hump on the back. Other symptoms may include:

• Back pain, which can vary in intensity.
• Limited flexibility in the spine.
• Neurological symptoms, including weakness or numbness in the legs, if the spinal cord or nerves are compressed.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of gibbus deformity involves a thorough physical examination and medical history, followed by imaging studies. These may include:

• X-rays of the spine, to identify the kyphotic angle and affected vertebrae.
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) or CT scan (Computed Tomography), to assess the extent of the deformity and any impact on the spinal cord or nerves.

Treatment

Treatment for gibbus deformity depends on the underlying cause, severity of the symptoms, and the presence of any neurological deficits. Options may include:

• Non-surgical treatments, such as bracing or physical therapy, to manage mild cases or relieve symptoms.
• Antitubercular therapy for tuberculosis-related cases.
• Surgical intervention, which may involve spinal fusion or vertebrectomy, to correct the deformity and stabilize the spine.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with gibbus deformity varies depending on the cause and severity of the condition. Early detection and treatment are crucial for preventing progression and managing symptoms effectively.

Prevention

Preventing gibbus deformity involves addressing the underlying conditions that can lead to the development of the deformity. This includes:

• Prompt treatment of spinal tuberculosis and other infections.
• Managing osteoporosis to prevent vertebral fractures.
• Regular monitoring and treatment for conditions known to affect spinal growth and integrity.

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