Governess

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Marian Hubbard Daisy Bell and Elsie May Bell with governess

Governess refers to a woman employed to educate and train children in a private household. In contrast to a nanny, who is primarily concerned with the physical care of children, a governess focuses on the intellectual, social, and moral development of her charges. The role of the governess has been a significant, though often understated, feature in the social history of many countries, particularly during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries.

History

The position of a governess was most prevalent in the United Kingdom, Russia, and other European countries, as well as in the colonies of European powers. The role emerged as a middle-class alternative to formal schooling and as a means to ensure the education of girls. Governesses were often expected to teach a variety of subjects, including literature, languages, music, and etiquette. In many cases, they were also responsible for the moral education of their charges, instilling values and principles deemed appropriate by the family and society.

Social Status

Governesses occupied a unique social position. They were neither servants nor members of the employing family, which often led to their isolation within the household. Despite their education and responsibilities, governesses were frequently treated with little respect and were poorly compensated. This ambiguous status is reflected in the literature of the time, with characters such as Jane Eyre and Agnes Grey highlighting the challenges and indignities faced by governesses.

Decline

The demand for governesses began to decline in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the rise of formal schooling for children, including girls, and the increasing availability of educational institutions. The profession has largely disappeared in the modern era, replaced by more formal educational structures and systems.

In Literature and Popular Culture

The governess has been a prominent figure in literature and popular culture, often depicted as a key influence in the lives of her charges, but also as a figure of mystery, romance, or social commentary. Notable examples include Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë, Agnes Grey by Anne Brontë, and The Turn of the Screw by Henry James. These works explore themes of autonomy, authority, class, and the complexities of the governess's role within the family and society.

See Also

• Nanny
• Tutor
• Education in the United Kingdom
• Women's education in the 19th century

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