Gross National Happiness

Gross National Happiness (GNH) is a philosophy that guides the government of Bhutan in its development process. It was introduced by the Fourth King of Bhutan, King Jigme Singye Wangchuck in the 1970s as an alternative to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which measures economic progress in terms of material wealth. GNH is based on the premise that true development of human society takes place when material and spiritual development occur side by side to complement and reinforce each other. The four pillars of GNH are sustainable development, preservation and promotion of cultural values, conservation of the natural environment, and establishment of good governance.

Four Pillars of GNH

The concept of GNH is deeply ingrained in Bhutanese political, economic, and social life, resting on four pillars:

1. Sustainable Development: GNH advocates for development policies that ensure the welfare of future generations. It emphasizes a balanced approach to economic growth, considering the social, environmental, and cultural impacts of development.
2. Preservation and Promotion of Cultural Values: Bhutan places great importance on preserving and promoting its Buddhist cultural heritage. This includes the promotion of traditional arts, customs, and ceremonies, which are seen as essential for the happiness and well-being of the Bhutanese people.
3. Conservation of the Natural Environment: Environmental conservation is a key component of GNH. Bhutan aims to maintain a pristine environment by implementing policies that protect its forests, rivers, and biodiversity. The country has committed to remaining carbon neutral and has one of the highest percentages of land under protection.
4. Good Governance: GNH recognizes that good governance is essential for the happiness and well-being of its citizens. This includes transparency, accountability, and fairness in the administration of public affairs.

Measurement of GNH

The GNH Index is used to measure the happiness and well-being of Bhutan's population. This index is based on a multidimensional approach, taking into account various aspects of well-being, including psychological well-being, health, education, time use, cultural diversity and resilience, good governance, community vitality, ecological diversity and resilience, and living standards. Surveys are conducted to assess these dimensions and provide a comprehensive picture of the happiness of Bhutanese people.

Global Influence

The concept of GNH has gained international recognition, with various countries and organizations exploring how aspects of GNH can be incorporated into their own development policies. The United Nations has taken note of GNH, and in 2011, Bhutan hosted a high-level UN meeting on happiness and well-being. Subsequently, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution recognizing the pursuit of happiness as a fundamental human goal and calling for a more inclusive, equitable, and balanced approach to economic growth that promotes sustainable development, poverty eradication, happiness, and the well-being of all peoples.

Criticism

Despite its noble goals, GNH has faced criticism. Some argue that it is difficult to measure happiness in a quantifiable way, making it challenging to use GNH as a concrete policy tool. Others point out that Bhutan, while promoting happiness, has issues with human rights, particularly in relation to ethnic minorities.

Conclusion

Gross National Happiness represents a unique approach to national and global development, emphasizing the holistic well-being of individuals and communities over mere economic growth. As the world grapples with environmental degradation, social inequality, and the pursuit of sustainable development, GNH offers a model that prioritizes the happiness and well-being of all citizens.