Bhutan

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A map of the countries between Constantinople and Calcutta including Turkey in Asia, Persia, Afghanistan and Turkestan.

Cloud-hidden, whereabouts unknown (Paro, Bhutan)

Canhoes portugueses Butão

Tashigang Dzong 111120

Bhutan, officially known as the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia, nestled in the eastern Himalayas. It is bordered by China to the north and India to the south, east, and west. Bhutan is known for its monastic fortresses, known as dzongs, and its stunning landscapes that range from subtropical plains to steep mountains and valleys. The country's capital and largest city is Thimphu, and the official language is Dzongkha.

Geography

Bhutan's geography is characterized by its rugged terrain and diverse climatic conditions. The country is predominantly mountainous, with some high peaks in the Himalayas. The highest point is Gangkhar Puensum, which is believed to be the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. Bhutan's rivers, such as the Pho Chhu and Mo Chhu, are vital for hydroelectric power, which is a significant source of the country's revenue.

History

The history of Bhutan dates back to the 7th century when Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo ordered the construction of two Buddhist temples at Bumthang and Kyichu Lhakhang. In the 17th century, Ngawang Namgyal unified the region and established himself as the religious and administrative leader, marking the start of the dual system of government. Bhutan has never been colonized and has maintained its sovereignty throughout history.

Government and Politics

Bhutan is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary form of government. The King of Bhutan is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government. The country transitioned to a democratic constitutional monarchy in 2008. Bhutan's political system is designed to ensure that both spiritual and temporal leaders are respected. The Tashichho Dzong in Thimphu serves as the seat of the government.

Economy

The Bhutanese economy is based on agriculture, forestry, tourism, and the sale of hydroelectric power to India. Bhutan is notable for its philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH), which measures the country's development in terms of the happiness and well-being of its citizens, rather than solely on economic indicators like GDP.

Culture

Bhutanese culture is deeply influenced by Buddhism, which is the dominant religion. This is evident in the numerous monasteries, temples, and religious festivals, such as the colorful Tshechu, celebrated throughout the country. Bhutanese art, music, and dance are integral parts of these festivals. The traditional dress, the gho for men and the kira for women, is an important aspect of Bhutanese identity.

Environmental Conservation

Bhutan is known for its commitment to environmental conservation. It is the world's only carbon-negative country, with its constitution mandating that at least 60% of the country's land area remain under forest cover. Bhutan has also banned the production and sale of plastic bags and has extensive programs in place to protect its natural environment.

Tourism

Tourism is a major contributor to Bhutan's economy, with visitors drawn to its ancient culture, scenic beauty, and extensive trekking trails. The government promotes a policy of "High Value, Low Impact" tourism to preserve its culture and environment.

Challenges

Despite its successes, Bhutan faces challenges, including poverty, unemployment, and the effects of climate change. The government is working to address these issues while trying to maintain the balance between modernization and preserving its culture and traditions.

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