Vietnam

File:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg

Vietnam (orthographic projection)

Location Vietnam ASEAN

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Southeast Asian history - 13th century

Vietnam, officially known as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is a country located in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east. With an estimated population of over 97 million people, it is the 15th most populous country in the world. The capital city is Hanoi, while Ho Chi Minh City, formerly known as Saigon, is the most populous city and the economic and financial centre.

History

Vietnam's history is one of ancient civilizations, colonialism, wars for independence, and division and reunification. The region now known as Vietnam has been inhabited since Paleolithic times, with the ancient Đông Sơn culture being one of its most advanced civilizations. Historically, the area was part of Imperial China for over a millennium until the 10th century when the Vietnamese gained independence and established their own dynasties.

The country was colonized by France in the mid-19th century, becoming part of French Indochina. The struggle for independence was led by the Viet Minh under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh, culminating in the First Indochina War against France. This was followed by the Vietnam War (1955-1975), a conflict between the communist forces of North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist countries. The war ended with the fall of Saigon to North Vietnamese forces in 1975, leading to the reunification of the country under communist rule in 1976.

Geography

Vietnam stretches over 1,650 km (1,025 mi) from north to south, with a width varying between 50 and 600 km (31 and 373 mi). It covers a total area of approximately 331,212 square kilometers. The country's landscape is varied, including hills and densely forested mountains, with the Annamite Range dominating the central and eastern parts. The northern part features higher peaks, whereas the south is known for its river deltas, the most significant being the Mekong Delta in the south and the Red River Delta in the north.

Economy

Vietnam has transitioned from a highly agrarian economy to a mixed economy with increasing emphasis on manufacturing and services. It is considered one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia, with sectors such as agriculture, industry, and services contributing to its GDP. The country is a major exporter of agricultural products, textiles, and electronics. Tourism also plays a significant role in Vietnam's economy, with its rich cultural heritage, historic sites, and natural landscapes attracting visitors from around the world.

Culture

Vietnamese culture is a complex interweaving of native Đông Sơn heritage with influences from China, France, and the United States, among others. Traditional Vietnamese values emphasize family, respect for elders, education, and loyalty to the community. The country's official language is Vietnamese, and its major religion is Buddhism, followed by Catholicism, Confucianism, and Taoism.

Vietnamese cuisine is renowned for its use of fresh ingredients, minimal use of dairy and oil, and reliance on herbs and vegetables, making it one of the healthiest cuisines worldwide. Pho, a popular noodle soup, and spring rolls are among the most famous Vietnamese dishes.

Government and Politics

Vietnam is a socialist republic with a single-party system governed by the Communist Party of Vietnam. The President of Vietnam is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government. The country's political structure also includes a National Assembly, which is the highest organ of state power.

Demographics

Vietnam's population is diverse, with the majority being ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh), along with 54 other ethnic minority groups. The country has a young population, with a significant portion under the age of 30. Despite rapid urbanization, a large part of the population still resides in rural areas.

Education and Health

Vietnam places a high value on education, with a literacy rate of over 94%. The government provides free public education for children, although higher education institutions also include private and foreign universities. Health care services have improved significantly, with increased investment in health care infrastructure and services.