HIV AIDS

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are parts of a global pandemic. HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune system fight off infections. If left untreated, HIV reduces the number of CD4 cells in the body, making the person more likely to get infections or infection-related cancers. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body can't fight off infections and disease, leading to the development of AIDS, the late stage of HIV infection.

Etiology

HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids that include blood, semen, vaginal and rectal fluids, and breast milk. The virus does not survive long outside the human body, and it cannot be transmitted through air, water, or casual contact. HIV transmission can occur during unprotected sex, through sharing needles or syringes, through unsafe blood transfusions, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

Pathophysiology

Once HIV enters the body, it targets the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells. The virus inserts its genetic material into these cells, turning them into HIV factories that produce thousands of viral copies. As the virus replicates, it damages or kills the CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and leading to the progressive immunodeficiency characteristic of AIDS.

Clinical Manifestations

The progression of HIV infection is typically divided into three stages: acute infection, chronic infection, and AIDS. During the acute infection stage, many individuals develop flu-like symptoms. The chronic stage may be asymptomatic or may include generalized lymphadenopathy or other symptoms. Without treatment, most people with HIV will develop AIDS. Common AIDS-related illnesses include opportunistic infections and cancers that are life-threatening in an individual with a weakened immune system.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS involves testing for antibodies against the virus. The most common tests include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the Western blot. Newer tests can detect HIV antigens and RNA to diagnose infection earlier than antibody tests.

Treatment

While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral therapy (ART) can dramatically slow the disease's progression, extend life expectancy, and reduce the risk of transmission. ART involves taking a combination of HIV medicines (called an HIV treatment regimen) every day.

Prevention

Preventive measures include practicing safe sex, using pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for people at high risk of HIV, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) after potential exposure, and needle exchange programs to reduce the risk of infection through needle sharing.

Epidemiology

HIV/AIDS remains a major global public health issue, having claimed millions of lives worldwide. Sub-Saharan Africa is the most affected region, with a significant number of deaths and new infections each year. Efforts to reduce the number of new HIV infections and deaths are ongoing, with a focus on improving access to treatment and preventive measures.

Social and Economic Impact

The impact of HIV/AIDS extends beyond the health sector, affecting societies and economies. The epidemic has led to reduced life expectancy, orphaned children, and strained healthcare systems. It also impacts economic development by reducing the workforce and increasing healthcare costs.

Future Directions

Research on HIV/AIDS includes efforts to develop a vaccine, cure strategies, and new treatments to improve quality of life for those living with the virus. Public health initiatives focus on reducing stigma and discrimination, improving access to healthcare services, and promoting global health security.