Haematoxylum campechianum

Haematobia irritans, commonly known as the horn fly, is a species of biting fly in the family Muscidae. It is a significant pest of cattle worldwide and is capable of causing serious harm to livestock due to its blood-sucking habits.

Description

The adult Haematobia irritans is a small, dark gray or black fly, about 3 to 5 mm long. It has a short, stout proboscis, which it uses to pierce the skin of cattle and other livestock to feed on their blood. The larvae are white, legless, and maggot-like.

Distribution and habitat

Haematobia irritans is found worldwide, particularly in regions with a warm and humid climate. It prefers to live in close association with cattle, its primary host, but can also infest other livestock such as sheep, goats, and horses.

Life cycle

The life cycle of Haematobia irritans consists of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The female fly lays her eggs in fresh cattle dung, where the larvae develop and pupate. The entire life cycle can be completed in two to four weeks, depending on environmental conditions.

Impact on livestock

Haematobia irritans is a major pest of cattle. The flies' constant biting causes significant stress and discomfort to the animals, leading to reduced weight gain and milk production. In severe infestations, the flies can cause anemia and even death. In addition, Haematobia irritans can transmit several diseases, such as bovine anaplasmosis and bovine leukosis.

Control

Control of Haematobia irritans involves a combination of strategies, including the use of insecticides, biological control agents (such as dung beetles and parasitic wasps), and management practices to reduce the availability of suitable breeding sites.

See also

• List of pests and diseases of roses
• List of pests and diseases of peas and beans

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