Hamas

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03-03-2020 Ismail Haniyeh

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Hamas is a Palestinian Islamist political organization and militant group that has waged war against Israel since the group's establishment in 1987. Originating from the Gaza Strip, Hamas has played a significant role in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, often characterized by its violent tactics, including suicide bombings, rocket attacks, and clashes with Israeli military forces. The group's founding is rooted in the broader context of Arab-Israeli conflict and is seen as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, a transnational Sunni Islamist organization.

History

Hamas was established during the First Intifada, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The organization's charter, published in 1988, calls for the establishment of an Islamic state in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. Over the years, Hamas has grown from a guerilla movement into a major political entity, notably winning a majority of seats in the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections. This victory led to a violent conflict with Fatah, the leading secular Palestinian political party, culminating in Hamas seizing control of the Gaza Strip in 2007.

Ideology

Hamas's ideology combines Palestinian nationalism with Islamic fundamentalism. Its charter not only calls for the liberation of Palestine but also emphasizes the role of Islam in the struggle against Zionism and Western imperialism. The organization has been criticized for its anti-Semitic rhetoric and has been designated as a terrorist organization by several countries, including the United States, the European Union, and Israel. However, it also engages in social and welfare activities within Palestinian territories, contributing to its popularity among Palestinians.

Military and Political Activities

Hamas has a military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, which is responsible for conducting armed attacks against Israeli targets. The group has utilized various tactics, from suicide bombings in the 1990s and 2000s to rocket attacks and incursions in more recent years. Politically, Hamas governs the Gaza Strip, where it has implemented Sharia law to various extents and has been involved in ongoing conflicts with Israel, including several wars and skirmishes that have resulted in significant civilian casualties on both sides.

International Relations and Peace Process

Hamas's role in the peace process is controversial. It has been excluded from many negotiations due to its refusal to recognize Israel and renounce violence. However, there have been sporadic attempts at reconciliation with Fatah and indirect negotiations with Israel, often mediated by other countries or international organizations. The group's stance on the peace process and its relationship with other countries in the region, such as Iran and Qatar, continue to influence the dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Humanitarian and Social Services

In addition to its military and political activities, Hamas operates a network of social and welfare programs in the Gaza Strip. These include schools, hospitals, and charity organizations, which have contributed to its support base among the Palestinian population. Critics argue that Hamas uses these services to gain political leverage and recruit members, while supporters see them as essential for the survival and well-being of Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.

Controversies and Criticisms

Hamas has faced international criticism for its use of violence and its refusal to recognize Israel's right to exist. The group's tactics, particularly suicide bombings and rocket attacks targeting civilians, have been condemned as acts of terrorism. Additionally, its governance of the Gaza Strip has been criticized for human rights abuses, including restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly, and the persecution of political opponents and minority groups.