Hand-foot-mouth disease

Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious illness caused by different viruses. It is characterized by sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet. HFMD is most commonly caused by the Coxsackievirus A16, Enterovirus 71, and occasionally other strains of Coxsackievirus.

Symptoms

The symptoms of hand-foot-mouth disease typically begin with a fever, poor appetite, a vague feeling of being unwell (malaise), and sore throat. One or two days after the fever starts, painful sores can develop in the mouth. They begin as small red spots that blister and that often become ulcers. A non-itchy skin rash develops over the palms of the hands and soles of the feet; it may also appear on the knees, elbows, buttocks, or genital area. The rash has flat or raised red spots, sometimes with blisters.

Transmission

Hand-foot-mouth disease is most commonly spread through direct contact with the nasal discharge, saliva, feces, or fluid from the blisters of an infected person. It is highly contagious, especially among children in childcare settings due to frequent diaper changes and potty training, and because young children often put their hands in their mouths.

Prevention

Prevention of hand-foot-mouth disease involves practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently and thoroughly, avoiding close contact with people who are infected, and cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces and soiled items.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for hand-foot-mouth disease. Symptoms can be managed with over-the-counter medications for pain and fever, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen. It is important for people with this disease to drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.

Complications

Complications of hand-foot-mouth disease are rare but can include viral meningitis, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and polio-like paralysis. Enterovirus 71, in particular, has been associated with severe complications.

Epidemiology

Hand-foot-mouth disease occurs worldwide, affecting mostly children under the age of 10, though it can also occur in adults. Outbreaks of the disease are common in the Asia-Pacific region.