Henri Becquerel

Portrait d'Antoine-César Becquerel

Becquerel in the lab

Becquerel plate

Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French engineer, physicist, and a Nobel laureate. He is best known for his discovery of radioactivity, a process by which materials emit radiation. His discovery was a significant breakthrough in the field of physics and laid the groundwork for future research in nuclear physics and chemistry.

Early Life and Education

Henri Becquerel was born in Paris, France, into a family with a distinguished lineage in the field of science. His father, Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel, was a professor of applied physics and had conducted research in photovoltaics, while his grandfather, Antoine César Becquerel, was also a physicist, known for his work in electrochemistry. Following in their footsteps, Henri pursued his education in the sciences, graduating from the École Polytechnique in 1874 and later from the École des Ponts et Chaussées.

Career and Discoveries

Becquerel's early career focused on the phosphorescence of uranium salts. In 1896, inspired by the recent discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Becquerel investigated whether phosphorescent materials, such as uranium salts, emitted X-rays after being exposed to sunlight. During his experiments, he found that uranium salts emitted rays without the need for exposure to sunlight, thus discovering natural radioactivity. This discovery was monumental and led to further research by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie, who isolated radioactive elements such as polonium and radium.

Becquerel's work was recognized internationally, and in 1903, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, along with the Curies, for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena. His discovery of spontaneous radioactivity marked a significant milestone in the understanding of atomic physics.

Legacy

Henri Becquerel's discovery of radioactivity has had a profound impact on both science and society. It opened up new fields of research in physics and chemistry, leading to the development of nuclear energy and advances in medical treatment through radiation therapy. His work laid the foundation for the future study of atomic and nuclear physics, influencing generations of scientists.

Becquerel's contributions to science are commemorated in various ways. The SI unit for radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is named in his honor, signifying one disintegration per second. His legacy continues to inspire scientists and researchers in the fields of physics and chemistry.

Death

Henri Becquerel passed away on 25 August 1908 in Le Croisic, France, at the age of 55. His contributions to the field of physics, particularly in the study of radioactivity, remain invaluable.