Hepatic stellate cell

Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) is a type of cell found in the liver, also known as Ito cells or perisinusoidal cells. These cells play a crucial role in liver physiology and pathology. They are involved in the storage of vitamin A and the production of extracellular matrix proteins.

Anatomy

Hepatic stellate cells are located in the space of Disse, between the sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes. They are star-shaped, which is the origin of their name.

Function

In a healthy liver, HSCs are in a quiescent state, storing vitamin A and producing a small amount of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. However, in response to liver injury, HSCs become activated. They lose their vitamin A stores and increase the production of ECM proteins, leading to the development of fibrosis.

Activation

The activation of HSCs is a complex process involving multiple signaling pathways. It is triggered by various factors, including oxidative stress, cytokines, and growth factors. Activated HSCs proliferate and migrate to the site of injury, where they contribute to the repair process by producing ECM proteins and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Role in disease

HSCs play a central role in the development of liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. They are involved in the fibrotic response to liver injury, which can lead to the development of cirrhosis. Moreover, HSCs can promote the growth and spread of hepatocellular carcinoma by producing growth factors and creating a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment.

Research

Research on HSCs is focused on understanding their role in liver disease and developing therapies to target these cells. Several strategies are being explored, including the use of drugs to inhibit HSC activation and the development of therapies to induce HSC apoptosis.

See also

• Liver fibrosis
• Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Cirrhosis