Heraldic

Heraldry is the practice or discipline that deals with the design, display, and study of armorial bearings (known as armory), as well as related disciplines, such as vexillology, together with the study of ceremony, rank, and pedigree. Armorial bearings, more commonly known as coat of arms, are used to identify individuals, families, states, organizations, and corporations. Heraldry originated in Europe during the High Middle Ages, serving initially as a system of identification on the battlefield and in tournaments.

Origins and History

The use of heraldic symbols, or devices, dates back to ancient times, but the form of heraldry as practiced today developed in Europe between the 12th and 13th centuries. Initially, knights and nobles used heraldic designs to distinguish themselves in battle and in tournaments, where identifying oneself was crucial. Over time, these designs became hereditary and were regulated by heraldic authorities.

Elements of a Coat of Arms

A coat of arms typically consists of several parts:

• Shield: The main part of a coat of arms. Its design can include ordinaries, common geometric shapes placed in various standard positions, and other symbols.
• Crest: An element placed above the helmet and shield, often representing family traits or achievements.
• Motto: A phrase expressing the values or aspirations of the armiger (the bearer of the coat of arms).
• Supporters: Figures or animals placed on either side of the shield that appear to hold it up.
• Helmet: Positioned above the shield, it varies in style according to rank and region.
• Mantling: Drapery tied to the helmet above the shield that protects the back and sides of the head.

Heraldic Rules and Practices

Heraldry is governed by a set of rules that dictate how arms can be displayed, inherited, and altered. These rules vary by country and are enforced by heraldic authorities, such as the College of Arms in England or the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland. One of the fundamental rules in heraldry is the rule of tincture, which states that color should not be placed on color, nor metal on metal. This rule ensures that arms are easily distinguishable and legible from a distance.

Heraldic Authorities and Societies

In countries with heraldic authorities, these organizations are responsible for the regulation of heraldry, the granting of new coats of arms, and the maintenance of registers of arms. In countries without such authorities, various heraldic societies often fill this role, though their decisions may not have legal standing.

Modern Usage

While originally used for purposes of identification in battle, heraldry has found new roles in modern times. Many institutions, such as universities, cities, and private corporations, use coats of arms as part of their identities. Heraldry also plays a ceremonial role in modern statecraft, where it is often used in the design of orders, decorations, and medals.

See Also

• Family crest
• Heraldic visitation
• Roll of arms