History of Buddhism in India

Sanchi Stupa from Eastern gate, Madhya Pradesh

History of Buddhism in India traces the origins and development of Buddhism in India from its early stages in the 6th century BCE to its decline and eventual disappearance from the Indian subcontinent by the end of the 12th century CE, although it continued to flourish in other parts of Asia.

Origins

Buddhism originated in the 6th century BCE with the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who became known as the Buddha. It emerged as a reaction against the ritualistic practices of the Vedic religion that dominated ancient Indian society at the time. The Buddha's teachings were centered on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which offered a path to enlightenment that was accessible to all, regardless of caste.

Early Development

After the Buddha's death, Buddhism began to spread throughout the Ganges plain. The Mauryan Empire, under Emperor Ashoka the Great, played a significant role in the early spread of Buddhism. Ashoka embraced Buddhism after the Kalinga War and supported it by building stupas, monasteries, and inscribing edicts on pillars across his empire. Ashoka's patronage helped Buddhism expand into Central Asia and beyond.

Sectarian Developments

The initial unity of the Buddhist sangha gradually fragmented into several schools. Two major branches emerged: Theravada Buddhism, which adhered closely to the original teachings and monastic discipline, and Mahayana Buddhism, which developed new sutras and emphasized the role of Bodhisattvas. Another significant development was the emergence of Vajrayana Buddhism in the 1st millennium CE, which incorporated tantric practices.

Centers of Learning

India was home to several important Buddhist centers of learning, such as Nalanda, Vikramashila, and Taxila. These institutions attracted students and scholars from across Asia, contributing to the spread of Buddhism and the exchange of cultural and intellectual ideas.

Decline

The decline of Buddhism in India is attributed to a variety of factors, including the resurgence of Hinduism under the Gupta Empire and later, the patronage of Hindu kingdoms. The Islamic invasions of India also played a significant role, as many Buddhist monasteries were destroyed, and the patronage shifted away from Buddhism. By the end of the 12th century, Buddhism had largely disappeared from the Indian subcontinent, surviving in the Himalayan regions and the periphery of India.

Legacy

Despite its decline in India, Buddhism left a lasting impact on Indian culture and society. The Buddhist philosophy of non-violence and compassion influenced other religious traditions in India. The art and architecture associated with Buddhism, such as the Ajanta Caves and the Sanchi Stupa, remain important cultural heritage sites.