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Henge

A henge is a prehistoric architectural structure found primarily in the British Isles, characterized by a circular or oval-shaped bank with an internal ditch surrounding a central flat area. These structures are significant in the study of Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures, providing insights into the ceremonial and social practices of ancient peoples.

Etymology

The term "henge" is derived from the word "Stonehenge," which is one of the most famous examples of such structures. The word "henge" itself is believed to originate from the Old English "hen(c)g," meaning "hinge" or "hang," possibly referring to the hanging stones of Stonehenge.

Characteristics

Henges are typically defined by their circular or oval earthworks, which consist of a bank and an internal ditch. The size of henges can vary significantly, with diameters ranging from a few meters to over 500 meters. The central area of a henge is often flat and may contain additional features such as stone circles, timber circles, or burial mounds.

Bank and Ditch

The bank of a henge is usually constructed from the earth excavated from the ditch. The ditch is located inside the bank, which is a distinguishing feature of henges compared to other prehistoric earthworks. This configuration suggests that henges were not primarily defensive structures but rather served ceremonial or ritual purposes.

Entrances

Henges typically have one or more entrances, which are gaps in the bank and ditch. The orientation and number of entrances can vary, and their alignment may have astronomical significance, such as aligning with the solstices or other celestial events.

Function and Purpose

The exact function of henges remains a topic of debate among archaeologists. However, they are generally believed to have served as ceremonial or ritual sites. The presence of stone circles and other features within some henges suggests they were used for gatherings, religious ceremonies, or astronomical observations.

Astronomical Alignments

Some henges, such as Stonehenge, are aligned with astronomical events, indicating their use in tracking celestial phenomena. This alignment suggests that the builders of henges had a sophisticated understanding of astronomy and used these structures to mark important times of the year.

Social and Ceremonial Use

Henges may have served as communal gathering places for social and ceremonial activities. The construction of such large earthworks would have required significant communal effort, indicating their importance in the social and religious life of the communities that built them.

Notable Examples

- Stonehenge: Perhaps the most famous henge, located in Wiltshire, England. It features a unique arrangement of massive standing stones and is aligned with the summer solstice sunrise. - Avebury: Another significant henge in Wiltshire, known for its large stone circle and associated avenues. - Durrington Walls: One of the largest henges in Britain, located near Stonehenge, and believed to be a site of feasting and ceremonies.

Archaeological Studies

Archaeological excavations of henges have provided valuable insights into the construction techniques and cultural practices of Neolithic and Bronze Age societies. Artifacts found at henge sites, such as pottery, tools, and human remains, help researchers understand the daily lives and beliefs of the people who built and used these structures.

Also see

- Stone circle - Neolithic architecture - Bronze Age Britain - Prehistoric Britain