Stonehenge

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Stonehenge plan

Stonehenge phase one

Stonehenge dagger

Stonehenge diagram

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England. It consists of a ring of standing stones, each around 13 feet (4.0 m) high, seven feet (2.1 m) wide, and weighing approximately 25 tons. The stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred tumuli (burial mounds).

History

The origins of Stonehenge are subject to broad speculation and research. Archaeologists believe it was constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC. The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the first bluestones were raised between 2400 and 2200 BC, although they may have been at the site as early as 3000 BC.

One of the most famous landmarks in the UK, Stonehenge is regarded as a British cultural icon. It has been legally protected since 1882 when legislation to protect historic monuments was first successfully introduced in Britain. The site and its surroundings were added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986.

Construction

Stonehenge's construction is uniquely characterized by its post-and-lintel architecture. The stones are arranged in a circular setting with a ring of standing sarsen stones surrounded by a ring of smaller bluestones. The sarsens, large sandstone blocks, were brought from Marlborough Downs, about 20 miles (32 km) north of Stonehenge. The smaller bluestones were transported from the Preseli Hills, over 150 miles (240 km) away in Wales. How these stones were transported to Stonehenge remains an enduring mystery, though water transport and the use of rollers have been suggested.

Purpose

The purpose of Stonehenge is not definitively known, but it is believed to have been used as an astronomical observatory or religious site. Its orientation on the rising and setting sun has been one of the strongest pieces of evidence for this theory. Some archaeologists believe that Stonehenge was a place of healing, as many burials in the area contain remains with signs of illness or injury. Others suggest it may have been a site of ancestor worship or a monument to the dead.

Cultural Significance

Stonehenge has a rich cultural significance. It is a place of spiritual importance for many, including practitioners of modern paganism and druidry. The site is also a focal point for celebrations during the summer and winter solstices, attracting thousands of visitors who come to witness the sunrise and sunset align with the stones.

Preservation and Management

The management of Stonehenge has evolved over time, with the current stewardship under the care of English Heritage. Efforts to preserve the site include restricting access to the stones to prevent erosion and damage. A visitor center, opened in 2013, provides comprehensive information about Stonehenge's history, construction, and the surrounding landscape.

In Popular Culture

Stonehenge has been featured in various forms of popular culture, including literature, television, and music. It remains a symbol of mystery and ancient wisdom, captivating the imagination of people around the world.