Hu (vessel)

Lidded ritual wine container (hu) with masks and dragons

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Hu wine vessel of Song, Late Western Zhou Period (Late 9th Century B.C.E.)

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Periodo degli zhou dell'est, coppia di vasi rituali hu. V sec. ac. 01

Wine flask (bianhu) with geometric decoration

BronzeHuVessel-EasternZhouDynasty-ROM-May8-08

Hu is a type of ancient Chinese vessel used for holding wine or other liquids. The Hu is characterized by its pear-shaped body and flaring mouth, often elaborately decorated with Chinese artistic motifs, including animal figures, mythological creatures, and taotie masks. These vessels were primarily made of bronze during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, periods known for their remarkable achievements in bronze casting. The Hu vessels are significant artifacts in the study of Chinese history and Chinese culture, reflecting the social practices, religious beliefs, and artistic advancements of ancient China.

History and Development

The use of the Hu vessel dates back to the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE), with its popularity continuing through the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE). Initially, these vessels were used for ritual purposes, including ancestral veneration and ceremonies dedicated to the gods. Over time, their use became more secular, serving as a symbol of status and wealth among the Chinese nobility.

During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the art of bronze casting reached its zenith, and the Hu vessel became a canvas for artisans to showcase their skills. The decoration of these vessels often included taotie, a mysterious motif believed to ward off evil spirits, and intricate patterns of dragons and phoenixes, symbols of power and immortality.

Design and Characteristics

The Hu vessel typically features a bulbous body and a narrow neck, expanding into a wide mouth. The base is either flat or slightly rounded, allowing the vessel to stand upright. The surface of the Hu is adorned with various decorative elements, including inlaid jade, gold, and silver, highlighting the craftsmanship and artistic sophistication of ancient Chinese metalworkers.

Cultural Significance

The Hu vessel is more than just a piece of ancient Chinese pottery; it embodies the religious, social, and aesthetic values of its time. It was believed that these vessels could bridge the human and divine realms, serving as offerings to ancestors and gods. The elaborate decoration reflects the importance of symbolism and mythology in Chinese culture, as well as the society's hierarchy and the elite's desire to display their wealth and power.

Modern Interpretation

Today, the Hu vessel is celebrated as a masterpiece of ancient Chinese art and is highly valued by collectors and historians. It serves as an important source for understanding the technological advancements, artistic expressions, and cultural practices of ancient China. Replicas of the Hu are often used in educational settings to teach about Chinese history and art, while original pieces are prized exhibits in museums around the world.

See Also

• Chinese pottery
• Bronze Age China
• Chinese mythology
• Ancient Chinese society