Human genetic enhancement

Human genetic enhancement refers to the application of genetic engineering or gene therapy techniques to the alteration of human beings' phenotypic traits or capabilities. These alterations can be either somatic (affecting only the individual) or germline (affecting offspring).

History

The concept of human genetic enhancement has its roots in eugenics, a movement that sought to improve the genetic quality of the human species through selective breeding. However, the modern field of human genetic enhancement emerged in the late 20th century with the advent of recombinant DNA technology.

Techniques

There are several techniques that can be used for human genetic enhancement, including:

• CRISPR: A powerful tool for editing genomes, allowing researchers to easily alter DNA sequences and modify gene function.
• Gene therapy: A technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. This can be done by replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene, inactivating a mutated gene that is functioning improperly, or introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease.
• Genetic engineering: The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

Ethical considerations

Human genetic enhancement raises a number of ethical issues, including concerns about genetic discrimination, the potential for a new form of eugenics, and the possibility of creating a genetic underclass. There are also concerns about the safety and efficacy of these techniques, as well as the potential for unforeseen consequences.

Legal status

The legal status of human genetic enhancement varies by country. In some countries, such as the United States, certain forms of genetic enhancement are permitted, while in others, such as Germany, they are strictly prohibited.

See also

• Genetic modification
• Genetic engineering in science fiction
• Designer baby
• Transhumanism