Human papilloma virus (HPV)

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 200 related viruses, of which more than 40 are spread through direct sexual contact. Among these, several types of HPV are known to cause cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, and other cancers. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide.

Types and Associated Conditions

HPV is categorized into "high-risk" and "low-risk" types, based on their potential to cause cancer. High-risk HPV types, such as HPV 16 and HPV 18, are responsible for the majority of HPV-related cancers. Low-risk types, such as HPV 6 and HPV 11, can cause genital warts and respiratory papillomatosis but are not associated with cancer.

Transmission

HPV is transmitted through intimate skin-to-skin contact. While HPV is most commonly spread through vaginal, anal, or oral sex, it can also be transmitted through non-penetrative sexual activities. It is possible to contract HPV even if the infected partner shows no signs or symptoms.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Most people with HPV do not develop symptoms or health problems. However, when HPV does not go away on its own, it can cause genital warts or lead to cancerous changes in the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, or throat. Diagnosis of HPV-related health issues involves physical examinations, pap tests (or pap smears), HPV tests, and biopsies of any abnormal areas.

Prevention

Prevention of HPV infection is possible through the use of vaccines, such as Gardasil and Cervarix, which protect against the types of HPV most commonly associated with cancer and genital warts. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends vaccination for preteens aged 11 to 12 years, but vaccination can be administered as early as age 9 and through age 26. Condom use can also reduce the risk of contracting HPV, though it does not provide complete protection due to the possibility of exposure to infected skin outside the covered area.

Treatment

There is no cure for the virus itself; however, there are treatments for the health problems that HPV can cause. Genital warts can be treated with prescription medication or removed through surgical procedures. Precancerous changes in the cervix can often be treated with procedures that remove or destroy the abnormal tissue.

Epidemiology

HPV is the most common STI globally, with both men and women being affected. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that most sexually active men and women will contract at least one type of HPV at some point in their lives.

Public Health and Awareness

Efforts to increase public awareness about HPV, its transmission, and its link to cancer are crucial for the prevention and control of HPV-related health issues. Education on the importance of vaccination and regular screening can significantly reduce the incidence of cervical and other types of cancer associated with HPV.