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Hygiene Theory is a concept in psychology and management that suggests that certain factors can lead to job dissatisfaction when absent, but do not necessarily contribute to job satisfaction when present. This theory was developed by psychologist Frederick Herzberg in the 1950s.

Overview

The Hygiene Theory, also known as the Two-Factor Theory, is based on the idea that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction (motivators), while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction (hygiene factors). Herzberg proposed that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are not opposites of the same thing, but two separate dimensions.

Hygiene Factors

Hygiene factors are elements that, when absent, can lead to job dissatisfaction. These factors are considered maintenance factors as they are necessary to avoid dissatisfaction but do not lead to long-term satisfaction. Examples of hygiene factors include salary, job security, working conditions, company policies, and quality of management.

Motivators

Motivators are factors that, when present, can lead to job satisfaction. These factors are related to the actual job itself and how challenging it is. Examples of motivators include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and advancement.

Application

The Hygiene Theory has been used in various fields, including human resource management, organizational behavior, and industrial psychology. It has been used to guide management strategies, employee motivation programs, and job design.

Criticism

While the Hygiene Theory has been influential, it has also been criticized. Some researchers argue that the distinction between hygiene factors and motivators is not always clear-cut. Others suggest that the theory is too simplistic and does not take into account individual differences or cultural factors.

See Also

• Job Satisfaction
• Motivation
• Organizational Behavior
• Human Resource Management