Infarct

Infarct

An infarct is an area of tissue that undergoes necrosis due to the obstruction of blood supply, typically caused by a thrombus or embolus. Infarcts can occur in any organ, but they are most commonly associated with the heart (myocardial infarction) and the brain (cerebral infarction). The process leading to an infarct is known as infarction.

Pathophysiology

Infarction occurs when there is a significant reduction or cessation of blood flow to a particular area of tissue. This can result from:

• Thrombosis: The formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood.
• Embolism: The lodging of an embolus, which is a particle or debris in the bloodstream, in a blood vessel.
• Vasospasm: A sudden constriction of a blood vessel, reducing its diameter and blood flow.
• Atherosclerosis: The buildup of fatty deposits within the arterial walls, leading to narrowing and potential blockage.

The lack of blood supply results in a deficiency of oxygen and nutrients, leading to cell death and tissue necrosis. The extent of the infarct depends on the size of the affected vessel, the duration of the obstruction, and the tissue's ability to withstand ischemia.

Types of Infarcts

Infarcts are classified based on their color and the organs they affect:

• White (Anemic) Infarcts: Typically occur in solid organs such as the heart, spleen, and kidneys. They are pale due to the lack of blood flow.
• Red (Hemorrhagic) Infarcts: Occur in tissues with dual blood supply, such as the lungs and intestines, or in cases of venous occlusion. They appear red due to the presence of blood.

Clinical Manifestations

The symptoms of an infarct depend on the organ affected:

• Myocardial Infarction: Chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and sweating.
• Cerebral Infarction: Sudden weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking, and loss of coordination.
• Pulmonary Infarction: Sharp chest pain, difficulty breathing, and coughing up blood.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of an infarct typically involves:

• Imaging Studies: Such as CT scans, MRI, or ultrasound to visualize the affected area.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): To detect changes in heart rhythm indicative of myocardial infarction.
• Blood Tests: To measure cardiac enzymes or other markers of tissue damage.

Treatment

Treatment strategies for infarcts focus on restoring blood flow and minimizing tissue damage:

• Thrombolytic Therapy: Medications to dissolve clots.
• Anticoagulants: To prevent further clot formation.
• Surgical Intervention: Such as angioplasty or bypass surgery.
• Supportive Care: Oxygen therapy, pain management, and rehabilitation.

Prognosis

The prognosis of an infarct depends on the location, size, and promptness of treatment. Early intervention can significantly improve outcomes and reduce complications.

Also see

• Myocardial Infarction
• Cerebral Infarction
• Thrombosis
• Embolism
• Atherosclerosis

Resources

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Source: Data courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Since the data might have changed, please query MeSH on Infarct for any updates.

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