Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential. IPSPs are crucial for the modulation of neural circuits and play a significant role in the nervous system.

Mechanism

IPSPs occur when an inhibitory neurotransmitter binds to its receptor on the postsynaptic membrane. This binding typically results in the opening of ion channels that allow negatively charged ions, such as chloride ions (Cl⁻), to enter the neuron or positively charged ions, such as potassium ions (K⁺), to leave the neuron. The influx of Cl⁻ or the efflux of K⁺ makes the inside of the neuron more negative, moving the membrane potential further from the threshold needed to trigger an action potential. This hyperpolarization decreases the likelihood that the neuron will fire.

Neurotransmitters

Common inhibitory neurotransmitters include gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), while glycine is more prevalent in the spinal cord and brainstem.

Receptors

IPSPs are mediated by specific receptors that are sensitive to inhibitory neurotransmitters. For GABA, these receptors include GABA_A and GABA_B receptors. GABA_A receptors are ionotropic, meaning they directly control the opening of ion channels, while GABA_B receptors are metabotropic, meaning they work through G-protein coupled receptors to influence ion channel activity indirectly.

Function

IPSPs play a critical role in the regulation of neuronal excitability and the integration of synaptic inputs. They help to balance the excitatory inputs received by a neuron, preventing excessive firing and maintaining the stability of neural circuits. This balance is essential for processes such as motor control, sensory processing, and cognitive functions.

Clinical Relevance

Dysfunction in inhibitory synaptic transmission can lead to various neurological and psychiatric disorders. For example, reduced GABAergic inhibition is associated with conditions such as epilepsy, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia.

See also

• Excitatory postsynaptic potential
• Neurotransmission
• Synaptic plasticity
• Neuropharmacology