Ionic order

SixIonicOrders

Ionic order is one of the three Classical orders of classical architecture, the others being the Doric order and the Corinthian order. It is recognized by its characteristic columns and the use of volutes - scroll-like ornaments that adorn the capital, which is the top part of the column. The Ionic order originated in the mid-6th century BCE in Ionia, a coastal region of Central Anatolia in present-day Turkey, hence the name. It is distinguished by its more decorative and slender form compared to the more simplistic and sturdy Doric order, making it popular in both Greek architecture and later Roman architecture.

Characteristics

The Ionic column is typically more slender than the Doric, with the column height usually about nine times its diameter. The base of the Ionic column is more complex than that of the Doric, often consisting of multiple stacked rings. The capital features the distinctive volutes, which may be inspired by nautilus shells or ram's horns, adding a sense of elegance and sophistication.

Another key feature of the Ionic order is the frieze, which often contains a continuous sculpture or decoration, unlike the Doric order where the frieze is divided into triglyphs and metopes. The entablature, which is the horizontal structure supported by the columns, is also more elaborate in the Ionic order.

History and Development

The Ionic order developed in Ionia in the 6th century BCE, a region known for its wealth and artistic innovation. The earliest known example is the Temple of Hera on the island of Samos, dated around 570 BCE. The order became popular in the Greek mainland by the 5th century BCE, with notable examples including the Erechtheion on the Acropolis of Athens, which features caryatids - sculpted female figures serving as columns - in place of traditional Ionic columns.

The order was further developed and used extensively by the Romans, who adapted it for their own architectural purposes, including the construction of temples, public buildings, and monuments. The Roman version of the Ionic order often included modifications, such as a more ornate base and sometimes a combination of volutes facing in different directions.

Influence and Legacy

The Ionic order has had a lasting influence on Western architecture, enduring through the Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassical periods, and even into modern times. Its principles of beauty and harmony are reflected in numerous buildings and structures around the world. The order's emphasis on decorative elements and proportion has made it a symbol of classical beauty and elegance.

See Also

• Doric order
• Corinthian order
• Classical architecture
• Greek architecture
• Roman architecture