Doric order

DoricParthenon

Doric order is one of the three orders of ancient Greek architecture, the other two being the Ionic order and the Corinthian order. It is the simplest and oldest of the three orders, characterized by heavy fluted columns with plain, saucer-shaped capitals and no base. The Doric order was developed in the western Doric region of Greece and was extensively used in mainland Greece and the colonies in southern Italy and Sicily.

Origins and Characteristics

The origins of the Doric order can be traced back to the architecture of ancient Greece in the 7th century BC. It is believed to have been inspired by the simpler constructions of Greek homes and wooden temples, with the stone columns of the Doric order mimicking the wooden beams originally used. The Doric order's distinguishing features include:

• Columns: Doric columns are stout and fluted (with 20 flutes). They stand directly on the stylobate (the uppermost step of the temple platform) without a base. The columns taper slightly towards the top and have a gentle swelling called entasis.
• Capital: The capital of a Doric column is very simple, consisting of a rounded section called an echinus and a flat slab called the abacus.
• Entablature: The entablature of the Doric order is divided into three main parts: the architrave, which is plain and undecorated; the frieze, which alternates triglyphs (three vertical grooves) and metopes (square panels that can be plain or sculpted); and the cornice, which projects outward to throw rainwater off the building.
• Pediment: The triangular space at the end of a building, called the pediment, was often decorated with sculptures in high relief.

Examples

Some of the most famous examples of Doric architecture include the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens, the Temple of Hera at Olympia, and the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens. These structures exemplify the use of the Doric order in monumental temple architecture.

Influence

The Doric order has had a significant influence on Western architecture. It was revived during the Renaissance and again in the Neoclassical period, becoming a symbol of simplicity, strength, and dignity. In the modern era, elements of the Doric order can be seen in various public buildings, memorials, and government edifices around the world.

Comparison with Other Orders

Compared to the Ionic and Corinthian orders, the Doric order is more robust and plain. The Ionic order is recognized by its volutes (scroll-like ornaments) on the capitals, while the Corinthian order is much more ornate, with capitals adorned with leaves of the Acanthus plant. Each order conveys a different aesthetic and symbolic meaning, with the Doric order embodying a sense of solidity and simplicity.

See Also

• Architecture of ancient Greece
• Classical order
• Ionic order
• Corinthian order