Islamic theology

Islamic theology, known as Ilm al-Kalam (علم الكلام), or simply Kalam, is the study of the fundamental beliefs of Islam. It covers various topics such as the nature of Allah, the purpose of existence, the fate of the soul after death, and the duties of Muslims. The term "Kalam" means "speech" or "discussion" in Arabic, referring to the scholarly debate used to establish and defend the tenets of the Islamic faith.

Origins and Development

Islamic theology developed as a discipline during the early centuries of Islam, primarily to defend the religion against heresies and to explain Muslim beliefs in a rational manner. Early theologians used philosophical arguments to address questions about faith, reason, and the Quran. The development of Kalam was influenced by the philosophical traditions of the Greeks, which were translated into Arabic.

Major Schools of Thought

Islamic theology is divided into several schools of thought, each with its own views and interpretations:

• Ash'ari: Founded by Al-Ash'ari in the 10th century, this school uses rationalism to explain the Quran and Sunnah. It emphasizes Allah's omnipotence and the importance of belief in unseen matters.
• Maturidi: Similar to Ash'ari, but founded by Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, this school is prevalent among Sunnis in the Central Asian regions. It also employs rationality but gives more weight to human free will.
• Athari: This school, also known as the traditionalist school, strictly adheres to the texts of the Quran and Hadith without delving into rationalistic interpretations.
• Shia theology: Shia Islamic theology has its own distinct schools, such as the Twelver and Ismaili doctrines, which include beliefs in the Imamate and special spiritual authority of Ali and his descendants.

Key Concepts

• Tawhid: The oneness and uniqueness of Allah is the central theme in Islamic theology.
• Prophethood: Belief in the prophets sent by Allah, with Muhammad being the last prophet.
• Eschatology: The study of the end times, including the Day of Judgment and the afterlife.
• Free Will and Predestination: The extent to which humans have free will versus Allah's preordained plan.

Contemporary Issues

In modern times, Islamic theologians continue to address new ethical, social, and philosophical issues arising from technological advances and globalization. Debates and discussions continue on topics such as bioethics, human rights, and the relationship between Islam and the state.

See Also

• Islamic philosophy
• Islamic ethics
• Sufism
• History of Islam