Sufism

Six Sufi masters

Dance of Sufi Dervishes

A Sufi in Ecstasy in a Landscape LACMA M.73.5.582

Jahangir with sufi

Blagaj – Vrelo Bune 5

Whirling dervishes in Galata Mawlawi House, 1870

Sufism, also known as Tasawwuf, is a form of Islamic mysticism that emphasizes introspection and spiritual closeness with God. Sufism has been described as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam, though some Sufi practitioners argue that Sufism is a universal message of love, peace, and tolerance that transcends religious boundaries. The followers of Sufism are known as Sufis.

Origins and Development

The origins of Sufism can be traced back to the early days of Islam, around the 8th century. It developed as an ascetic movement within Islam, with practitioners seeking a personal, inner connection with God, often through prayer, meditation, and the guidance of a spiritual mentor or Sheikh. Over the centuries, Sufism evolved, absorbing influences from various cultures and philosophies, including Christian mysticism, Judaism, and Hinduism, as it spread across the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia, and beyond.

Beliefs and Practices

Sufism is characterized by its diverse range of beliefs and practices, which can vary significantly between different Sufi orders or Tariqas. Common practices include the recitation of the name of God, known as Dhikr, and the performance of spiritual music and dance, such as the Sema ceremony of the Mevlevi Order, founded by the famous Sufi poet Rumi. Sufis strive for Ihsan (perfection of worship), as if they see God, and although they cannot see Him, they firmly believe He sees them.

Sufi Orders

Sufism is organized into a variety of orders or Tariqas, each with its own teachings and practices. Some of the most well-known include the Qadiriyya, Chishtiyya, Naqshbandiyya, and Mevlevi orders. These orders are led by a Sheikh or Pir, who guides the disciples on their spiritual journey.

Impact on Islamic Culture

Sufism has had a profound impact on Islamic culture, contributing significantly to its literature, art, and architecture. Sufi poetry, written by figures such as Rumi, Hafez, and Omar Khayyam, is celebrated for its depth and beauty, exploring themes of divine love and the soul's quest for God. Sufi music, particularly the Qawwali genre popularized by artists like Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, plays a crucial role in expressing and experiencing the mystical aspects of Sufism.

Controversies and Challenges

Despite its contributions to Islamic spirituality and culture, Sufism has faced criticism and opposition from various quarters within Islam, particularly from more conservative or fundamentalist groups who view some Sufi practices as bid'ah (innovation) or shirk (associating partners with God). In recent years, Sufis have also been targeted by extremist groups in countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan, who view their practices as heretical.

Conclusion

Sufism represents a rich and diverse tradition within Islam that emphasizes the pursuit of spiritual purity and closeness to God. Through its teachings, poetry, music, and dance, Sufism has made an indelible mark on the world's spiritual and cultural landscape, advocating a message of love, tolerance, and unity.